Injury Morphology (CT Finding)

0 — Compression fracture (anterior column failure, no PLC injury)+1Burst fracture (osseous failure ± middle column, axial loading)+2Translational/rotational (horizontal displacement or rotation, high energy)+3Distraction (tension failure ± ALL rupture — flexion-distraction, Chance-type)+4

Posterior Ligamentous Complex (PLC) Integrity

0 — Intact PLC+01 — Suspected / indeterminate PLC injury+22 — Disrupted PLC (MRI signal discontinuity, or radiographic widening of posterior elements)+3

Neurological Status

0 — Intact neurological function (ASIA E)+01 — Nerve root injury (radiculopathy without myelopathy)+22 — Complete spinal cord injury (ASIA A — no motor or sensory below level)+23 — Incomplete spinal cord injury (ASIA B/C/D — partial preservation below level)+34 — Cauda equina injury (any bowel/bladder dysfunction)+3

Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score (TLICS)

Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score (TLICS)