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Undifferentiated Overdose

Approach to Unresponsive Patient Approach to Airway Obstruction And Stridor Approach to Acute Respiratory Distress With Impending Failure Approach to Peri-arrest Hypotension Approach to Post Resuscitation Care After Rosc Approach to Cardiac Arrest Rhythms, Pea, Asystole Approach to Cardiac Arrest Rhythms, Vf, Pulseless Vt Approach to Severe Agitation With Safety Risk Approach to Procedural Sedation

Approach to Pacemaker And Icd Related Presentations Approach to Acute Limb Ischemia And Leg Pain Approach to Suspected Deep Vein Thrombosis Symptoms Approach to Hypertension Approach to Chest Pain Approach to Palpitations And Tachyarrhythmia Symptoms Approach to Bradycardia Symptoms Approach to Syncope And Presyncope Approach to Syncope With Neurologic Concern Approach to Unilateral Leg Swelling Approach to Bilateral Leg Swelling Approach to Calf Pain And Swelling

Approach to Wheezing, Undifferentiated Approach to Wheezing In Infants Approach to Stridor And Upper Airway Symptoms Approach to Dyspnea Approach to Aspiration Event Approach to Cough Approach to Hemoptysis Approach to Upper Respiratory Infection Symptoms Approach to Suspected Pulmonary Embolism Presentation Approach to Smoke Inhalation Concern Approach to Smoke Exposure And Inhalational Injury

Approach to Abdominal Distension Approach to Abdominal Pain, Undifferentiated Approach to Acute Abdominal Pain (general)Approach to Suspected Incarcerated Or Strangulated Hernia Approach to Pancreatitis Concern Approach to Biliary Colic And Cholecystitis Concern Approach to Appendicitis Concern Approach to Diverticulitis Concern Approach to Rectal Pain And Anorectal Complaints Approach to Dysphagia And Food Bolus Impaction Approach to Foreign Body Ingestion Approach to Refractory Vomiting And Recurrent Vomiting Syndromes Approach to Cannabis Associated Hyperemesis Approach to Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Symptoms (melena)Approach to Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding And Hematochezia Approach to Constipation And Obstipation Approach to Diarrhea Approach to Acute Hepatitis And Jaundice Concern Approach to Right Upper Quadrant Pain Approach to Epigastric Pain Approach to Left Upper Quadrant Pain Approach to Right Lower Quadrant Pain Approach to Left Lower Quadrant Pain Approach to Suprapubic Pain

Approach to Oliguria And Anuria Approach to Catheter Related Urinary Complaints Approach to Dialysis Patient Presentations Approach to Flank Pain And Renal Colic Concern Approach to Urinary Retention Approach to Hematuria Approach to Scrotal Pain

Approach to Transient Neurologic Deficits Approach to Acute Aphasia And Speech Disturbance Approach to Acute Confusion And Delirium Approach to Postictal State And Seizure Recurrence Concern Approach to Seizure Approach to Acute Vision Loss Approach to New Tremor And Involuntary Movements Approach to Headache Approach to Vertigo Approach to Acute Weakness Or Numbness Approach to Gait Instability And Ataxia

Approach to Atraumatic Back Pain Approach to Sciatica And Radicular Back Pain Approach to Back Pain With Neurologic Deficit, Cauda Equina Concern Approach to Back Pain With Fever Or Immunosuppression, Spinal Infection Concern Approach to Atraumatic Neck Pain Approach to Neck Pain After Trauma Approach to Neck Pain With Meningismus Concern Approach to Acute Torticollis

Approach to Vaginal Discharge Approach to Hyperemesis Gravidarum Concern Approach to Hypertensive Disorders Of Pregnancy Symptoms Approach to Postpartum Hemorrhage Concern Approach to Postpartum Infection Concern Approach to Sexual Assault Medical Evaluation Overview Approach to Pelvic Pain Approach to Vaginal Bleeding, Nonpregnant Approach to Vaginal Bleeding In Pregnancy Approach to Pelvic Pain In Pregnancy Approach to Post Procedure Or Post Abortion Complications Concern

Approach to Fever In The Immunocompromised Patient Approach to Fever With Rash Approach to Animal Bites And Rabies Risk Assessment Approach to Tick Exposure And Tick Borne Illness Concern Approach to Sepsis Concern Without Clear Source Approach to Soft Tissue Infection Concern Approach to Abscess And Skin Infection Concern Approach to Sore Throat Approach to Sore Throat And Pharyngitis Symptoms Approach to Meningitis Approach to Envenomation And Bites

Approach to Pruritus Without Rash Approach to Contact Dermatitis And Eczema Flare Approach to Herpes Zoster Concern Approach to Drug Eruption Concern And Severe Cutaneous Reaction Red Flags Approach to Urticaria Approach to Angioedema Concern Approach to Unexplained Bruising Or Bleeding Symptoms

Approach to Shoulder Pain Approach to Elbow Pain Approach to Wrist Pain Approach to Hand Pain Approach to Hip Pain Approach to Knee Pain Approach to Ankle Pain Approach to Foot Pain Approach to Cast Or Splint Complication Symptoms Approach to Wound Check And Suture Related Visits Approach to Joint Swelling And Monoarthritis Approach to Suspected Septic Joint Presentation Approach to Suspected Tendon Rupture Presentation Approach to Limp Or Refusal To Bear Weight

Approach to Motor Vehicle Collision Evaluation Approach to Chest Wall Trauma And Rib Injury Approach to Blunt Abdominal Trauma Evaluation Approach to Penetrating Trauma Evaluation Approach to Pediatric Minor Head Trauma Approach to Pediatric Head Trauma Approach to Facial Lacerations And Dental Trauma Approach to Hand Lacerations With Tendon Injury Concern Approach to Puncture Wounds And Retained Foreign Body Concern Approach to Electrical Injury Approach to Burn Injury Approach to Fall Evaluation Approach to Assault And Interpersonal Violence Evaluation Approach to Eye Trauma And Hyphema Concern

Approach to Dysphagia And Odynophagia Approach to Throat Pain Approach to Ear Pain Approach to Foreign Body In Ear Or Nose Approach to Vision Loss Complaint Approach to Flashes And Floaters Approach to Atraumatic Eye Pain Approach to Red Eye Approach to Dental Abscess Concern Approach to Post Extraction Pain And Complications

Approach to Hyperglycemia Approach to Hypoglycemia Approach to Hyponatremia Symptoms Approach to Hyperkalemia Symptoms Approach to Hypokalemia Symptoms Approach to Rhabdomyolysis Concern Approach to Anticoagulation Related Abnormal Coagulation Studies Approach to Acute Kidney Injury And Elevated Creatinine Referral Approach to Symptomatic Anemia Concern

Approach to Undifferentiated Overdose Approach to Opioid Toxicity Approach to Opioid Withdrawal Approach to Alcohol Intoxication Approach to Alcohol Withdrawal Approach to Stimulant Toxicity Approach to Pediatric Ingestion Approach to Carbon Monoxide Exposure Approach to Inhalational Or Chemical Exposure Approach to Suicidal Ideation And Self Harm Risk Assessment Approach to Acute Psychosis And Mania Symptoms Approach to Anxiety And Panic Symptoms Approach to Capacity Assessment And Safe Disposition Approach to Behavioral Escalation And Restraint Considerations

Approach to Fever In The Neonate And Young Infant Approach to Pediatric Fever By Age 0 To 28 Days Approach to Pediatric Fever By Age 29 To 60 Days Approach to Pediatric Fever By Age 2 To 24 Months Approach to Pediatric Respiratory Distress Approach to Croup And Stridor In Children Approach to Pediatric Dehydration Approach to Pediatric Abdominal Pain Approach to Febrile Seizure Approach to Rash In The Child Approach to Poor Feeding And Lethargy In The Infant Approach to Vomiting In The Child Approach to Diarrhea In The Child Approach to Pediatric Trauma Evaluation Approach to Brief Resolved Unexplained Event In The Infant And Apparent Life Threatening Event Concern Approach to Lethargy And Altered Mental Status In The Child

Approach to Heat Illness Approach to Hypothermia And Cold Exposure Approach to Frostbite Concern Approach to Drowning And Submersion Injury

Undifferentiated Overdose

Clinical Assessment Checklist

Browse categories and answer follow-up questions to refine your symptom profile.

History

Exposure details

Exposure details

Time last known well

Time found

Time of ingestion or exposure

Single exposure

Repeated dosing

Route oral

Route inhaled

Route intranasal

Route injected

Route transdermal

Substance name as reported

Unknown substance

Estimated dose or amount

Pill count discrepancy

Formulation immediate release

Formulation extended release

Formulation sustained release

Formulation enteric coated

Packaging

Bottle present

Blister pack present

Powder

Liquid

Patch

Missed doses

Double dosing

Intent and context

Intent and context

Unintentional exposure

Therapeutic error

Recreational use

Self harm concern

Assault or poisoning concern

Occupational exposure

Environmental exposure

Access to medications in home

Access to illicit substances

Access to chemicals

Co exposures

Co exposures

Alcohol

Opioids

Benzodiazepines

Stimulants

Antidepressants

Antipsychotics

Acetaminophen

Salicylates

Carbon monoxide

Cyanide source smoke

Organophosphates

Toxic alcohols

Associated symptoms

Associated symptoms

Altered mental status

Somnolence

Agitation

Seizure

Headache

Chest pain

Palpitations

Dyspnea

Nausea

Vomiting

Abdominal pain

Diaphoresis

Hyperthermia symptoms

Visual changes

Weakness

Tremor

Prior episodes and baseline

Prior episodes and baseline

Prior overdose

Prior withdrawal

Baseline cognition

Baseline mobility

Baseline oxygen requirement

Alarm Features

Immediate threats

Immediate threats

Airway compromise

GCS declining

Respiratory rate less than 10

Oxygen saturation less than 90 percent on room air

Refractory hypoxemia

Hypotension shock

Bradycardia with hypoperfusion

Ventricular dysrhythmia

QRS widening

QTc prolongation with ectopy

Status epilepticus

Hyperthermia 40 C or higher

Severe agitation with danger

Serotonin syndrome concern

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome concern

High risk exposure flags

High risk exposure flags

Unknown ingestion

Large quantity

Multiple substances

Sustained release product

Delayed absorption risk

Body packing

Body stuffing

Toxic alcohol possibility

Caustic ingestion possibility

Children exposure possibility

Escalation triggers

Escalation triggers

If persistent hypoventilation despite naloxone then intubation

If recurrent seizures then ICU pathway

If refractory hypotension then vasopressors

If wide complex tachycardia then sodium bicarbonate protocol

If malignant hyperthermia physiology then active cooling and paralysis

Medications

Current agents and adherence

Current agents and adherence

Prescribed opioids

Prescribed benzodiazepines

Prescribed stimulants

Antidepressants

Antipsychotics

Antiepileptics

Beta blockers

Calcium channel blockers

Digoxin

Clonidine

Insulin

Sulfonylureas

Anticoagulants

Recent dose changes

Nonadherence

OTC and supplements

OTC and supplements

Acetaminophen products

Salicylates

Antihistamines

Decongestants

Cough suppressants

Herbal products

Therapy interaction traps

Therapy interaction traps

CNS depressant combinations

QT prolonging combinations

Serotonergic combinations

MAOI exposure

Diet

Intake and exposures

Intake and exposures

Last oral intake time

Fasting

Vomiting limiting intake

Hydration poor intake

Caffeine energy drinks

Alcohol exposure

Grapefruit interaction possibility

Special situations

Special situations

Bariatric surgery history

Malnutrition concern

Eating disorder concern

Review of Systems

Neurologic and psychiatric

Neurologic and psychiatric

Confusion

Lethargy

Agitation

Hallucinations

Suicidal thoughts present now

Homicidal thoughts

Seizure

Syncope

Cardiopulmonary

Cardiopulmonary

Dyspnea

Chest pain

Palpitations

Wheeze

Cough

Hemoptysis

Gastrointestinal and renal

Gastrointestinal and renal

Nausea

Vomiting

Abdominal pain

Diarrhea

Melena

Hematemesis

Oliguria

Skin and temperature

Skin and temperature

Diaphoresis

Flushing

Rash

Hyperthermia

Hypothermia

Collateral History and Family History

Collateral sources

Collateral sources

EMS report

Family report

Friends report

Pharmacy records

Pill bottles

Scene findings

Family risks

Family risks

Sudden cardiac death under 50

Long QT syndrome

Seizure disorders

Substance use disorders

Risk Factors

Patient factors

Patient factors

Pregnancy

Older age

Frailty

Low body weight

Hepatic disease

Renal disease

Chronic lung disease

Sleep apnea

Cardiac disease

Seizure disorder

Exposure risks

Exposure risks

Polysubstance use history

Opioid use disorder (F11)

Alcohol use disorder (F10)

Benzodiazepine dependence

Stimulant use disorder

Access to high risk meds

Unsafe storage at home

Harm and complications risks

Harm and complications risks

Aspiration risk

Rhabdomyolysis risk

Hypothermia exposure

Pressure injury risk

Differential Diagnosis

Life threatening

Life threatening

Opioid toxicity

Bradypnea

Miosis

Toxic alcohol ingestion

High anion gap metabolic acidosis

Osmol gap elevation

Calcium channel blocker toxicity

Bradycardia

Hypotension

Beta blocker toxicity

Bradycardia

Hypoglycemia

Tricyclic antidepressant toxicity

QRS widening

Hypotension

Acetaminophen toxicity

Early minimal symptoms

Delayed liver injury

Salicylate toxicity

Tinnitus

Mixed acid base disorder

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Headache

Hypoxia with normal pulse ox

Cyanide poisoning

Severe lactic acidosis

Cardiovascular collapse

Serotonin syndrome

Hyperreflexia

Clonus

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Rigidity

Hyperthermia

Status epilepticus (G41)

Persistent seizure

Recurrent without recovery

Common

Common

Ethanol intoxication (F10)

Ataxia

CNS depression

Sedative hypnotic toxicity

CNS depression

Normal vitals early

Stimulant intoxication

Mydriasis

Tachycardia

Anticholinergic toxidrome

Delirium

Urinary retention

Sympathomimetic toxidrome

Diaphoresis

Hypertension

Opioid withdrawal

Mydriasis

Diarrhea

Less common and mimics

Less common and mimics

Hypoglycemia (E16)

Diaphoresis

Altered mental status

Sepsis (A41)

Fever

Hypotension

Stroke (I63)

Focal deficits

Asymmetric findings

Meningitis (G00)

Neck stiffness

Fever

Postictal state

Tongue bite

Incontinence

Head trauma

Scalp hematoma

Anticoagulant use

Past Medical History

Conditions and prior events

Conditions and prior events

Substance use disorders

Prior overdose

Depression (F32)

Anxiety (F41)

Psychosis disorders

Epilepsy (G40)

Diabetes mellitus (E10) (E11)

Chronic kidney disease (N18)

Chronic liver disease

COPD (J44)

Obstructive sleep apnea (G47.33)

Procedures and devices

Procedures and devices

Bariatric surgery

Dialysis access

Pacemaker

ICD device

Physical Exam

Initial assessment

Initial assessment

Airway patency

Work of breathing

Respiratory pattern

Circulation skin perfusion

Mental status level

Toxic appearance

Vitals pattern interpretation

Vitals pattern interpretation

Bradycardia pattern

Tachycardia pattern

Hypertension pattern

Hypotension pattern

Hyperthermia pattern

Hypothermia pattern

Bradypnea pattern

Pupils and ocular

Pupils and ocular

Pupils pinpoint

Pupils mid size

Pupils dilated

Nystagmus

Dry mucous membranes

Skin and secretions

Skin and secretions

Diaphoresis

Dry skin

Flushed skin

Cyanosis

Needle marks

Patch present

Neuromuscular and toxidromes

Neuromuscular and toxidromes

Tremor

Rigidity

Clonus inducible

Clonus spontaneous

Hyperreflexia

Hyporeflexia

Fasciculations

Ataxia

Cardiopulmonary

Cardiopulmonary

Wheeze

Crackles

Bradyarrhythmia signs

Poor peripheral pulses

Pulmonary edema signs

Abdomen and bladder

Abdomen and bladder

Bowel sounds decreased

Bowel sounds increased

Tenderness

Distension

Urinary retention

Lab Studies

Core labs

Core labs

Glucose bedside

Repeat if altered mental status persists

Hypoglycemia threshold 3.0 mmol/L or less

Electrolytes

Sodium

Potassium

Urea

AKI risk marker

Baseline comparison

Creatinine

AKI risk marker

Dose adjustment implications

Venous blood gas

pH

CO2 retention marker

Lactate

High risk if 4 mmol/L or higher

Consider cyanide or shock if very high

CBC

Infection clue

Anemia clue

LFTs

Acetaminophen injury monitoring

Hepatic impairment dosing implications

CK

Rhabdomyolysis screening

Serial trend if elevated

Toxicology specific labs

Toxicology specific labs

Acetaminophen level at presentation

Repeat based on time since ingestion

Use Rumack Matthew nomogram when single acute ingestion and known time

Salicylate level

Serial levels for delayed absorption

Clinical severity may not match single level early

Ethanol level

Co ingestion risk marker

Osmol gap interpretation aid

Pregnancy test

Required for antidote risk decisions

Imaging and disposition implications

Coagulation studies

Hepatic injury monitoring

Anticoagulant exposure screening

Acid base and gap framework

Acid base and gap framework

Anion gap calculation

Osmol gap calculation

Mixed disorder patterns

Salicylate typical mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis

Imaging

Scoring Systems

Scoring Systems

Poison Severity Score

Use for standardized severity description

Not a disposition tool

COWS for opioid withdrawal

Use when withdrawal suspected

Not for acute opioid apnea

MRI

MRI

Brain MRI for persistent unexplained encephalopathy

Contraindications implanted devices not MRI safe

Delayed neurotoxicity concern selection

CT

CT

CT head for trauma concern or focal deficits

CT head for persistent altered mental status without explanation

CT chest for aspiration complications when worsening respiratory status

Contrast nephropathy risk in CKD

Ultrasound

Ultrasound

POCUS IVC and cardiac function for shock phenotype

Lung ultrasound for pulmonary edema

Bladder scan for urinary retention

Special Tests

Bedside and monitoring tests

Bedside and monitoring tests

Continuous pulse oximetry

Continuous capnography if hypoventilation risk

Serial neurologic checks

Temperature monitoring core if hyperthermia risk

Decontamination related

Decontamination related

Whole bowel irrigation consideration for sustained release ingestion

Whole bowel irrigation consideration for body packing

Activated charcoal timing consideration

Activated charcoal contraindication unprotected airway

ECG

Indications and serial strategy

Indications and serial strategy

Any overdose with unknown substance

Any altered mental status ingestion

Any syncope

Any chest pain

Repeat ECG after treatment changes

High risk patterns

High risk patterns

QRS 120 ms or more

QTc 500 ms or more

R wave in aVR 3 mm or more

Ventricular tachycardia

Brugada pattern unmasked

Toxidrome linked ECG clues

Toxidrome linked ECG clues

Tricyclic pattern with wide QRS and terminal R in aVR

Sodium channel blockade pattern from multiple agents

Digoxin effect pattern

Hypokalemia related U waves

Assessment

Problem representation

Problem representation

Undifferentiated overdose

Toxidrome pattern match

Intent and risk profile

Time since exposure estimate

Severity stratification

Severity stratification

Mild stable vitals normal mental status

Moderate abnormal vitals or mild CNS depression

Severe airway risk or shock or dysrhythmia or seizure

Key complications to rule out

Key complications to rule out

Hypoxia and hypercapnia

Hypoglycemia

Aspiration pneumonitis

Rhabdomyolysis

AKI

Hepatic injury

Co ingestion acetaminophen

Co ingestion salicylates

Plan

First 5 minutes workflow

First 5 minutes workflow

Resuscitation bay for airway risk

Cardiac monitor and defib pads for unstable rhythm risk

Two large bore IV lines if unstable

Point of care glucose immediately

Oxygen to target saturation 94 percent or higher

Naloxone for suspected opioid toxicity

0.04 mg IV

Escalate every 2 to 3 minutes

0.4 mg IV

2 mg IV

Maximum cumulative local protocol dependent

If inadequate ventilation then bag valve mask

If unable to protect airway then RSI

Antidotes and targeted therapies

Antidotes and targeted therapies

Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen toxicity

Start if level above treatment line or time unknown

Start if delayed presentation with hepatic injury and history compatible

Dosing local protocol dependent

Sodium bicarbonate for sodium channel blockade

Indication QRS widening

Bolus 1 to 2 mEq per kg IV

Repeat bolus until QRS narrows or pH target reached

Infusion 150 mEq in 1 L D5W

Titrate to pH 7.50 to 7.55

High dose insulin euglycemia therapy for beta blocker or calcium channel blocker toxicity

Bolus regular insulin 1 unit per kg IV

Infusion 1 unit per kg per hour

Titrate every 10 to 15 minutes

Dextrose infusion to maintain euglycemia

Potassium monitoring frequent

Glucagon for beta blocker toxicity

3 mg IV bolus

Repeat if response then infusion

Nausea and vomiting common

Calcium for calcium channel blocker toxicity

Calcium chloride 1 g IV

Prefer central line

Calcium gluconate 3 g IV alternative

Fomepizole for toxic alcohol suspicion

Start with high anion gap metabolic acidosis and osmolar gap or convincing history

Dosing local protocol dependent

Hydroxocobalamin for cyanide suspected from smoke inhalation with collapse and lactic acidosis

Dosing local protocol dependent

Atropine for organophosphate cholinergic crisis

Titrate to drying of secretions

Pralidoxime adjunct local protocol dependent

Physostigmine for severe anticholinergic delirium

Only if QRS normal and no TCA concern

Continuous monitoring required

Symptom control and supportive care

Symptom control and supportive care

Agitation

Benzodiazepines first line for sympathomimetic and serotonin syndrome

Midazolam 2 mg IM or IV

Lorazepam 2 mg IV

Seizure

Benzodiazepines first line

Levetiracetam 60 mg per kg IV up to 4500 mg

Hyperthermia

Active external cooling

Sedation and paralysis if severe

Hypotension

Isotonic fluids bolus

Norepinephrine infusion if refractory

Hypoglycemia

Dextrose IV

Consider octreotide for sulfonylurea toxicity

50 mcg subcutaneous

Repeat every 6 hours

Decontamination decisions

Decontamination decisions

Activated charcoal

Consider within 1 hour of ingestion for adsorbable agents

Consider later for sustained release agents

Activated charcoal contraindications

Unprotected airway

Caustic ingestion concern

Bowel obstruction concern

Whole bowel irrigation

Polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution

Consider for sustained release ingestion

Consider for body packing

Monitoring and reassessment loop

Monitoring and reassessment loop

Reassess mental status every 15 to 30 minutes until stable

Repeat vitals every 15 minutes if unstable

Repeat ECG after antidote therapy and with any deterioration

Repeat electrolytes every 2 to 4 hours when on insulin therapy

Repeat acetaminophen and salicylate levels per kinetics and protocol

Urine output monitoring for rhabdomyolysis and shock

Disposition

ICU criteria

ICU criteria

Intubation or impending airway failure

Vasopressor requirement

Recurrent seizures

Significant dysrhythmia

Severe hyperthermia

High dose insulin therapy

Need for emergent dialysis for toxin removal local protocol dependent

Inpatient and observation criteria

Inpatient and observation criteria

Persistent altered mental status

Ongoing oxygen requirement

Rising CK with rhabdomyolysis

AKI

Hepatic injury markers rising

Sustained release ingestion with delayed toxicity risk

Lack of reliable supervision

Discharge criteria

Discharge criteria

Normal mental status at baseline

Stable vitals for observation window appropriate to agent

No recurrent sedation after naloxone observation

Normal ECG or stable known baseline

No concerning lab trends

Safe environment and supervision

Substance use follow up arranged when applicable

Discharge Instructions

Copy discharge instructions

Copy discharge instructions

You were seen for possible medication or substance overdose

If you become very sleepy or hard to wake up call emergency services right away

Return now for trouble breathing

Return now for chest pain

Return now for fainting

Return now for seizures

Return now for severe confusion or agitation

Do not drink alcohol or use drugs for 24 hours

Do not drive or operate machinery for 24 hours

Take only medications exactly as prescribed

Keep all medications and chemicals locked away from children

Follow up with your primary care clinician within 1 to 3 days

If this overdose was related to substance use ask about treatment options and support services today

References

Guidelines and key sources

Guidelines and key sources

American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and European Association of Poisons Centres activated charcoal position statement 1997

American College of Medical Toxicology acetaminophen poisoning management guidance 2019

EXTRIP workgroup recommendations on extracorporeal treatment in poisoning multiple toxins updates local protocol dependent

American Heart Association ACLS guidelines 2020 toxicology related arrhythmia management

Goldfrank toxicologic emergencies 11th edition 2019

Medical Disclaimer

SymptomDx is an educational tool for medical professionals. It does not replace clinical judgment. Verify all clinical data and drug dosages with authoritative sources.

Last Reviewed: February 24, 2026 by SymptomDX Medical Team

SymptomDx is an educational tool for medical professionals. It does not replace clinical judgment. Verify all clinical data and drug dosages with authoritative sources.

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