CDC Yellow Book 2025 — tetanus prophylaxis for animal bite wounds
Shark bite specific literature
Lentz AK et al. Mortality and Management of 96 Shark Attacks and Development of a Shark Bite Severity Scoring System. The American Surgeon. 2010. PMID 20135949
Ganske W et al. Shark-Related Injuries in the United States: A National Trauma Data Bank Analysis. The American Surgeon. 2021. PMID 34126790
Ballas R et al. Clinical Features of 27 Shark Attack Cases on La Reunion Island. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017. PMID 28248805
Gosselin C et al. Shark Bites in New Caledonia: A Retrospective Study. Injury. 2025. PMID 41037958
Tomberg RJ et al. Shark Related Injuries: A Case Series of Emergency Department Patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2018. PMID 29970271
Popa D, Van Hoesen K. A Shark Encounter: Delayed Primary Closure and Prophylactic Antibiotic Treatment. J Emerg Med. 2016. PMID 27623219
Infection and microbiology sources
Noonburg GE. Management of Extremity Trauma and Related Infections in the Aquatic Environment. JAAOS. 2005. PMID 16112981
Auerbach PS. Marine Envenomations. NEJM. 1991
Unger NR et al. Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Bacteria in Oral Flora of Florida Blacktip Sharks. PLoS One. 2014. PMID 25110948
Candelli M et al. Vibrio Vulnificus — a Review With a Special Focus on Sepsis. Microorganisms. 2025. PMID 39858896
Appelbaum RD et al. Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Injury: AAST Critical Care Committee Clinical Consensus. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2023
Tucker JP et al. Increased Shark Bite Survivability Revealed by Two Centuries of Australian Records. Sci Rep. 2022. PMID 35986014
SymptomDx is an educational tool for medical professionals. It does not replace clinical judgment. Verify all clinical data and drug dosages with authoritative sources.