Bezold's AbscessMANAGEMENT

ENT AND MAXILLOFACIAL PRESENTATIONS · 12 SECTIONS

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673 items

☷ Legend

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Cardiovascular Presentations71▾

Respiratory Presentations52▾

Neurological Presentations83▾

Gastrointestinal Presentations74▾

Genitourinary and Reproductive Presentations48▾

Infectious Disease Presentations148▾

Trauma Presentations89▾

Toxicologic Presentations80▾

Psychiatric Presentations26▾

Musculoskeletal and Rheumatologic Presentations96▾

Dermatology Presentations23▾

Environmental and Exposure Presentations27▾

Hematologic and Oncologic Presentations36▾

Pediatric-Specific Presentations19▾

Endocrine and Metabolic Presentations45▾

ENT and Maxillofacial Presentations27▾

Acute laryngitis Acute pharyngitis Auricular hematoma Bezold's Abscess Cerumen impaction Dry socket Ear foreign body Epistaxis (anterior)Epistaxis (Posterior)Labyrinthitis Ludwig's Angina Malignant Otitis Externa Marcus Gunn Pupil Mastoiditis Meniere's Disease Nasal Bone Fracture Nasal foreign body Nasal Septal Hematoma Otitis externa Otitis Media Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage Sialolithiasis and sialadenitis Sinusitis Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss TMJ dislocation Tympanic membrane perforation Vestibular Neuronitis

Ophthalmologic Presentations19▾

Obstetric Presentations23▾

Systemic and Miscellaneous Presentations17▾

01Approach to the Critical Patient/attcp44

Airway and hemodynamic threats

›Immediate airway assessment

›Neck swelling with progressive respiratory distress

›Stridor or drooling as imminent obstruction signs

›Early surgical airway planning if swelling threatens glottis

›If oral intubation anticipated to be difficult, alert anesthesia immediately

›Video laryngoscopy and fiberoptic backup at bedside

›Surgical airway standby

›NPO status immediately if surgical intervention anticipated

›Hemodynamic instability

›Sepsis physiology

›MAP < 65 mmHg

›Lactate >= 2 mmol/l

›If septic shock, IV antibiotics within 1 hour of recognition

›Class I recommendation

›Blood cultures before antibiotics when feasible

›IV access and fluid resuscitation 30 ml/kg crystalloid bolus

›Reassess after bolus

›Norepinephrine if refractory to fluids

Red flag recognition

›Cannot-miss alarm features

›Neck mass with concurrent otologic symptoms

›Classic presentation frequently missed in ED

›One-third of patients lack TM abnormality on otoscopy

›Meningismus or altered mental status

›Intracranial extension until proven otherwise

›Immediate CT head and neck with contrast

›Facial nerve palsy

02History/hx65

Presentation pattern

›Core otologic symptoms

›Otalgia duration and severity

›Often days to weeks before neck symptoms

›Preceding or coexistent otorrhea

›Hearing loss

›Conductive loss typical

›Sensorineural loss suggests labyrinthine extension

›Tinnitus or vertigo

›Labyrinthitis concern

›Inner ear involvement marker

›Neck symptoms

›Neck pain location

›Posterior and lateral neck

›Along sternocleidomastoid distribution

›Neck swelling or mass

›Inferior to mastoid tip

›May mimic cervical lymphadenitis

›Torticollis or limited neck range of motion

›More prominent in pediatric patients

›Refusal to turn head in children

Risk factors

›Predisposing otologic conditions

›Acute or chronic otitis media

›Primary antecedent in majority of cases

›Recurrent episodes increase risk

›Cholesteatoma

›Associated with Bezold's abscess in adults

03Physical Exam/exam54

Vital signs and general

›Hemodynamic and severity snapshot

›Temperature

›High fever >= 38.5 C typical

›Hypothermia as severe sepsis marker in immunosuppressed

›Heart rate and blood pressure

›Tachycardia with sepsis

›SBP < 90 mmHg triggers resuscitation

›Respiratory rate

›Elevated with airway compromise or sepsis

›Stridor implies imminent obstruction

›Toxic appearing versus mild to moderate illness

›Septic appearance escalates urgency

›Neck swelling visible on inspection

Otologic exam

›Otoscopic findings

›Tympanic membrane appearance

›Perforation with otorrhea

›Bulging TM with effusion

›Only one-third show obvious TM pathology in Bezold's

›External auditory canal

›Discharge character

›Granulation tissue suggesting chronic infection

›Mastoid exam

›Mastoid tenderness on palpation

›Postauricular erythema and fluctuance for subperiosteal abscess

›Bezold's: mastoid tip tenderness with neck mass rather than postauricular fluctuance

›Postauricular sulcus obliteration

04Differential Diagnosis/ddx49

Life-threatening mimics

›Intracranial complications requiring immediate management

›Meningitis

›ICD-10 G00.9

›Meningismus with fever and headache

›Brain abscess

›ICD-10 G06.0

›Focal neurologic deficits and altered consciousness

›Subdural empyema

›ICD-10 G06.2

›Rapidly progressive with seizures and focal deficit

›Sigmoid sinus thrombosis

›ICD-10 G08

›Headache, papilledema, cranial nerve VI palsy

›Other life threats

›Descending necrotizing mediastinitis

›Deep neck infection tracking to mediastinum

›Chest pain and dyspnea with sepsis

›Lemierre syndrome

›Septic thrombophlebitis of internal jugular vein

›Fusobacterium necrophorum most common organism

›May coexist with Bezold's abscess

Common mimics

›Deep neck space infections from other sources

›Subperiosteal postauricular abscess

›Swelling postauricular rather than in neck

›ICD-10 H70.0

›More common than Bezold's

05Laboratory Tests/lt52

Core infection workup

›Complete blood count

›Leukocytosis supporting bacterial infection

›WBC > 12 x10^9/l typical

›Left shift with bands

›Leukopenia as severe sepsis marker

›Immunosuppressed host consideration

›Thrombocytopenia with severe sepsis or DIC

›Inflammatory markers

›C-reactive protein

›Markedly elevated in deep neck infection

›Trend used for treatment response monitoring

›Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

›Elevated but non-specific

›Useful for baseline and follow-up trend

›Procalcitonin

›Bacterial infection support

›Not a rule-out test for deep neck infection

›Metabolic panel

›Electrolytes and renal function

›Antibiotic dosing adjustment

›Vancomycin dosing requires creatinine

›Liver function tests

›Drug metabolism and sepsis-associated cholestasis

›Blood glucose

›Hyperglycemia worsens infection outcomes

›Undiagnosed diabetes as risk factor

06Diagnostic Tests/dt65

Scoring Systems

›Risk stratification and severity tools

›No validated scoring system specific to Bezold's abscess

›Clinical diagnosis is primarily imaging-based

›Severity stratification by complication status

›Uncomplicated versus complicated classification

›Uncomplicated: isolated neck abscess without intracranial involvement

›Complicated: concurrent intracranial complications reported in up to 13.7% of coalescent mastoiditis cases

›Sepsis severity scoring as adjunct

›qSOFA: RR >= 22/min, SBP <= 100 mmHg, altered mental status

›SOFA score for ICU admission guidance

›Sequential organ dysfunction guides vasopressor decisions

MRI

›MRI head and neck role

›Superior soft tissue characterization

›Better definition of deep neck space involvement than CT

›Dural sinus thrombosis detection

›MRI indications

›Suspected dural venous sinus thrombosis

›Intracranial complication not fully characterized on CT

›Epidural or subdural collection characterization

›MRI sequences for deep neck infection

›T1 post-gadolinium for ring-enhancing abscess

›T2 and FLAIR for edema and intracranial spread

›MR venography for sigmoid sinus thrombosis

›Practical limitations

›Unstable patient: CT preferred first

›Ferromagnetic implants as contraindication

07Disposition/dispo40

Admission and level of care

›All patients require hospital admission

›No outpatient management for confirmed Bezold's abscess

›Mean hospital stay 9.8 to 15.5 days depending on complications

›ENT/otolaryngology consultation mandatory before disposition decision

›ICU indications

›Septic shock

›Vasopressor requirement

›Lactate >= 4 mmol/l or non-clearing after resuscitation

›Airway compromise

›Stridor or impending obstruction

›Post-operative airway monitoring

›Intracranial complications

›Meningitis with hemodynamic instability

›Brain abscess with herniation risk

›Need for emergent surgery with high operative risk

›Monitored ward admission

›Stable vital signs without shock

›No airway compromise

›No intracranial complications on imaging

Transfer considerations

›Transfer indications to tertiary centre

›Intracranial complications requiring neurosurgery

›Brain abscess drainage

›Subdural empyema evacuation

›Complex mastoid or skull base surgery beyond local capability

›Pediatric cases requiring pediatric ENT expertise

›Transfer timing

08Treatment/t81

Airway and initial stabilization

›ABC stabilization priorities

›Airway

›Upright positioning to minimize edema

›Supplemental oxygen if SpO2 < 94%

›Early anesthesia and ENT involvement if obstruction risk

›IV access and fluid resuscitation

›Two large bore IVs

›30 ml/kg isotonic crystalloid if septic

›Blood cultures before antibiotics if feasible

›Two sets aerobic and anaerobic

›Tympanocentesis culture when accessible

Antibiotics

›Empiric IV antibiotic therapy: initiate immediately

›First-line regimens

›Ampicillin-sulbactam 3 g IV every 6 hours

›Covers Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, gram-negatives, anaerobes

›Renal dose adjustment when creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min

›Ceftriaxone 2 g IV every 24 hours plus metronidazole 500 mg IV every 8 hours

›Ceftriaxone covers gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic organisms

›Metronidazole provides anaerobic coverage

›MRSA coverage additions

›Vancomycin 15 to 20 mg/kg IV every 8 to 12 hours

›Add if MRSA suspected or critically ill

›AUC-guided monitoring preferred; target AUC 400 to 600 mg·h/l

›Trough-based monitoring if AUC unavailable: target 15 to 20 mg/l

›Indication triggers

›Known MRSA colonization

›Prior MRSA infection

›Healthcare-associated infection

›Antifungal consideration

›Candida coverage if immunocompromised or prolonged prior antibiotics

›Fluconazole 400 mg IV loading then 200 to 400 mg daily

›Culture-directed de-escalation

›Adjust empiric regimen based on intraoperative and blood cultures

›Narrow spectrum when sensitivities available

›Maintain anaerobic coverage if anaerobes identified

›IV antibiotic duration 4.5 to 11 days (evidence mean range)

›Followed by 7 to 14 days oral antibiotics

›Duration extended for intracranial complications

Surgical management

›Cortical mastoidectomy with neck abscess drainage: definitive treatment

›Surgical indication

›All confirmed Bezold's abscess require surgical drainage

›Aggressive surgical extirpation recommended given high complication rate

›Young et al systematic review 2022 supports surgery as standard of care

›Surgical procedure components

›Cortical mastoidectomy to remove infected mastoid air cells

›Neck incision for drainage of deep cervical collection

›Myringotomy with or without tympanostomy tube insertion

›Cholesteatoma management

›Canal wall down mastoidectomy if cholesteatoma present

›Staged reconstruction in selected cases

›Neurosurgical intervention

›Epidural abscess drainage

›Craniotomy or burr hole drainage

›Subdural empyema

›Craniotomy with irrigation

›Brain abscess

›Stereotactic aspiration or open drainage based on size and location

Anticoagulation for sigmoid sinus thrombosis

›Anticoagulation therapy

›Indication: concurrent sigmoid or dural venous sinus thrombosis

›Used in approximately 64% of cases with sinus thrombosis in published series

›Class IIb evidence; individualized risk-benefit assessment

›Heparin infusion (unfractionated)

›Loading 80 units/kg IV bolus

›Maintenance 18 units/kg/hour continuous infusion

›aPTT target 60 to 100 seconds

›Transition to warfarin or DOAC after stabilization

›Duration of anticoagulation

›3 to 6 months typical for septic dural sinus thrombosis

›Reassess at imaging follow-up

›Contraindications to anticoagulation

›Active intracranial hemorrhage

›Recent major surgery within 48 hours (relative contraindication)

Adjunctive measures

›Corticosteroids

›No established role in Bezold's abscess specifically

›Consider for severe facial nerve palsy or intracranial edema in consultation with neurology and ENT

›Dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg IV every 6 hours if concurrent bacterial meningitis

›Class I recommendation for adjunctive dexamethasone in bacterial meningitis

›Antipyretics and analgesia

›Acetaminophen 1 g IV or PO every 6 hours for fever and pain

›Ibuprofen 400 mg PO every 8 hours with food if no contraindication

›Opioid analgesia for severe pain while monitoring neurologic status

09Special Populations/sp79

Pregnancy

›Physiologic considerations

›Delayed gastric emptying increases aspiration risk if airway intervention required

›Elevated position preferred for airway management

›Fetal monitoring indicated if viable gestation during surgical intervention

›Antibiotic selection in pregnancy

›Beta-lactams generally safe

›Ampicillin-sulbactam: FDA category B; preferred in pregnancy

›Ceftriaxone: category B; safe in all trimesters

›Metronidazole: avoid first trimester if possible; use in second and third if anaerobic coverage required

›Avoid in pregnancy

›Tetracyclines: tooth and bone effects

›Fluoroquinolones: cartilage concern, limited use

›Aminoglycosides: ototoxicity risk to fetus

›Vancomycin: use with caution; monitor renal function and drug levels

›Imaging in pregnancy

›CT with contrast: use when clinical benefit outweighs radiation risk

›Deep neck infection imaging not deferreable in suspected Bezold's

›Fetal dose from head and neck CT low

›MRI without gadolinium preferred when intracranial extension suspected

›Gadolinium: avoid unless critical clinical need

›Obstetric consultation for all pregnant patients requiring surgery

Geriatric

›Atypical presentation in older adults

›Attenuated fever and leukocytosis

›Normal temperature does not exclude serious infection

›Delirium may be the presenting feature

›Diabetes prevalence

›Higher risk of severe or complicated infection

›Necrotizing otitis externa overlap consideration

›Hearing loss baseline complicates otologic assessment

›Pre-existing sensorineural hearing loss common

›Audiometry baseline essential for post-treatment comparison

›Medication considerations in older adults

›Renal function adjustment for antibiotics

›Ampicillin-sulbactam: dose reduction for CrCl < 30 ml/min

›Vancomycin: extended dosing intervals; AUC monitoring essential

›QT prolongation risk with fluoroquinolones

›Baseline ECG before fluoroquinolone use

›Avoid concurrent QT-prolonging medications

›Anticoagulation risk

›Higher bleeding risk; individualized assessment for sinus thrombosis treatment

›DOAC preferred over warfarin for predictability in selected geriatric patients

›Functional and disposition considerations

›Higher baseline frailty increases complication risk

›ICU threshold lowered for older patients with sepsis

›Rehabilitation planning early for functional recovery

Pediatrics

›Epidemiology in children

›Most mastoiditis occurs in children

›Peak incidence under 2 years for acute mastoiditis

›Bezold's abscess relatively more common in adults with well-pneumatized mastoids

›Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes most common in children

›Pneumococcal vaccination reduces incidence

›Cholesteatoma less common in children than adults as precipitant

›Clinical features in children

›Irritability and refusal to turn head

›May mimic meningismus

›Torticollis prominent feature

›Feeding refusal and fever

›Early sepsis markers in infants

›Rapid progression common

›Vigilance for intracranial complications

›Antibiotic dosing in children

›Ampicillin-sulbactam

›50 mg/kg of ampicillin component IV every 6 hours

›Maximum 2 g ampicillin component per dose

›Ceftriaxone

›50 to 100 mg/kg IV every 24 hours

›Maximum 2 g per dose

›Metronidazole

›7.5 mg/kg IV every 8 hours

›Maximum 500 mg per dose

›Vancomycin

›15 mg/kg IV every 6 hours in children

›AUC-guided monitoring preferred

›Surgical considerations in children

›Pediatric ENT consultation

›Tympanostomy tube insertion commonly combined with mastoidectomy

›Canal wall up mastoidectomy preferred when cholesteatoma absent

›Ghadersohi et al 2017: mastoidectomy with abscess drainage standard in complicated pediatric mastoiditis

›Häußler et al 2024: algorithm-based management of acute mastoiditis in 109 children supports early surgical intervention for Bezold's

10Background/b86

Epidemiology

›Incidence and prevalence

›Bezold's abscess is rare

›Declining incidence in antibiotic era

›Young et al 2022 systematic review: fewer than 150 cases reported in modern literature

›Age distribution

›Pediatric predominance for acute mastoiditis overall

›Bezold's abscess relatively more common in adults with well-pneumatized mastoids

›Bilateral cases exceptionally rare

›Geographic variation

›Higher rates in low-resource settings with limited antibiotic access

›Rare in high-income countries due to early otitis media treatment

›Risk population data

›Cholesteatoma found in significant proportion of adult Bezold's abscess cases

›Approximately 64% of Bezold's abscess cases in one series had concurrent sigmoid sinus thrombosis

›Intracranial complications reported in up to 13.7% of coalescent mastoiditis cases

›Delay in diagnosis reported as common theme across systematic reviews

›Mortality and morbidity

›Mortality low with timely surgical and antibiotic treatment

›Permanent hearing loss in approximately 2.7% of complicated mastoiditis

›Significant morbidity from intracranial complications if delayed

Pathophysiology

›Anatomic basis of Bezold's abscess

›Mastoid tip erosion mechanism

›Coalescent mastoiditis: dissolution of mastoid air cell bony septae by infection

›Pus accumulates under increased pressure

›Erodes through medial or inferior cortex of mastoid tip

›Spread pathway

›Tracks along the digastric groove medial to digastric muscle

›Follows sternocleidomastoid muscle inferiorly

›Collects in deep cervical fascial spaces below mastoid tip

›Named after Friedrich Bezold 1824-1908 who described the anatomic pathway

›Microbiology

›Polymicrobial infection common

›Streptococcus species most frequent aerobic organisms

›Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA

›Gram-negative rods in chronic otitis media

›Anaerobic organisms critical

›Fusobacterium species associated with severe complications including Lemierre syndrome

›Bacteroides species

›Peptostreptococcus species

›Cholesteatoma alters flora

›Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma

›Polymicrobial with resistant organisms

›Complication cascade

›Intracranial extension routes

›Direct bony erosion through tegmen or petrous apex

›Retrograde thrombophlebitis through emissary veins to dural sinuses

›Labyrinthine spread to posterior fossa

›Sigmoid sinus thrombosis

›Retrograde thrombophlebitis from mastoid emissary vein

›Septic emboli risk: pulmonary and distant septic emboli

›Lemierre syndrome association

›Septic thrombophlebitis of internal jugular vein

›Fusobacterium necrophorum in young adults

›May coexist with Bezold's abscess as concurrent deep neck infection

Therapeutic Considerations

›Antibiotic strategy evidence

›Combination coverage is standard

›Empiric regimens must cover Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, gram-negatives, and anaerobes

›Bridwell et al 2024 (Am J Emerg Med): ampicillin-sulbactam or ceftriaxone plus metronidazole as first-line

›MRSA coverage individualized

›Add vancomycin when risk factors present or critically ill

›De-escalate when cultures do not confirm MRSA

›Ototoxic antibiotic avoidance

›Aminoglycosides avoided when hearing preservation is a goal

›Particularly relevant post-mastoidectomy

›Surgical timing and approach

›Early surgery improves outcomes

›Delay associated with intracranial complications in systematic reviews

›ENT consultation and surgical planning on arrival

›Canal wall up versus canal wall down mastoidectomy

›Canal wall up preferred when no cholesteatoma

›Canal wall down for cholesteatoma eradication

›Concurrent tympanostomy tube insertion

›Provides middle ear drainage and culture material

›Reduces risk of recurrent otitis media

›Anticoagulation debate for sinus thrombosis

›No randomized controlled trials specific to Bezold's abscess

›Retrospective series support anticoagulation for septic dural sinus thrombosis

›Risk of hemorrhagic conversion weighed against septic embolism risk

›Infectious disease and neurology input recommended

›Prevention strategies

›Pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae vaccination

›Reduces S. pneumoniae mastoiditis incidence

›Complete antibiotic courses for acute otitis media

›Incomplete treatment associated with coalescent mastoiditis

›Early specialist referral for treatment failures

›Otitis media not responding to 48 to 72 hours of antibiotics

11Patient Discharge Instructions/pdi32

copy discharge instructions

›Bezold's abscess home care after hospital discharge

›Complete the full antibiotic course as prescribed

›Do not stop early even if feeling better

›Oral antibiotics typically 7 to 14 days after IV course

›Keep surgical wound clean and dry

›Follow nursing instructions for wound care

›No swimming or submerging ear until cleared by ENT

›Pain management at home

›Acetaminophen and ibuprofen as directed

›Prescription pain medications as given; avoid driving or alcohol

›Return to emergency room immediately for

›Worsening neck swelling or new neck mass

›Fever returning or not improving after starting antibiotics

›Difficulty breathing, swallowing, or swollen throat

›Severe headache or stiff neck

›Confusion, unusual drowsiness, or difficulty waking

›Vision changes or double vision

›Facial weakness or drooping

›Redness, increased pain, or discharge from surgical wound

›Follow-up appointments

›ENT specialist within 1 to 2 weeks of discharge

›Wound check and hearing assessment

›Discuss audiometry booking

›Hearing test (audiometry) after full recovery

›Important to check for any permanent hearing change

›Return to primary care physician within 1 week

›Medication review and blood work if needed

12References/r26

Guidelines and key sources

›Primary evidence sources for Bezold's abscess

›Young K, Ilustre J, Tang DM, Wu AW, Wong YT. A Systematic Review of Cases With Bezold's Abscess. Otology and Neurotology. 2022. PMID 35763491

›Bridwell RE, Koyfman A, Long B. High Risk and Low Prevalence Diseases: Acute Mastoiditis. Am J Emerg Med. 2024. PMID 38368849

›Gaffney RJ, O'Dwyer TP, Maguire AJ. Bezold's Abscess. J Laryngol Otol. 1991. PMID 1919349

›Spiegel JH, Lustig LR, Lee KC, et al. Contemporary Presentation and Management of a Spectrum of Mastoid Abscesses. Laryngoscope. 1998. PMID 9628496

›Imaging guidelines

›Agarwal M, Juliano AF, Hagiwara M, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria Inflammatory Ear Disease. JACR. 2025

›Hirvonen J, Lingam RK, Connor S. ESR Essentials: Acute Infections of the Head and Neck. European Radiology. 2025. PMID 40702317

›Castillo M, Albernaz VS, Mukherji SK, et al. Imaging of Bezold's Abscess. AJR. 1998. PMID 9843276

›Pediatric and management guidelines

›Ghadersohi S, Young NM, Smith-Bronstein V, et al. Management of Acute Complicated Mastoiditis. Laryngoscope. 2017. PMID 27796038

›Häußler SM, Peichl J, Bauknecht C, et al. A Novel Diagnostic and Treatment Algorithm for Acute Mastoiditis in Children. Otol Neurotol. 2024. PMID 38238923

›Marioni G, de Filippis C, Tregnaghi A, et al. Bezold's Abscess in Children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2001. PMID 11589986

›Psarommatis IM, Voudouris C, Douros K, et al. Algorithmic Management of Pediatric Acute Mastoiditis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012. PMID 22405736

Complication-specific references

›Sinus thrombosis and intracranial complications

›Zapanta PE, Chi DH, Faust RA. A Unique Case of Bezold's Abscess Associated With Multiple Dural Sinus Thromboses. Laryngoscope. 2001. PMID 11801974

›Shinnawi S, Khoury M, Cohen-Vaizer M, et al. Intracranial Complications of Acute Mastoiditis. Am J Otolaryngol. 2024. PMID 38657531

›Stankovic KM, Eskandar E, El Khoury JB, et al. Case 2-2013. NEJM. 2013

›Yaita K, Sugi S, Hayashi M, et al. Co-Existence of Lemierre's Syndrome and Bezold's Abscess. Medicine. 2018. PMID 29952983

›Microbiology and antibiotic guidance

›Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory. IDSA and ASM 2024. Clin Infect Dis. 2024

›McMullan BJ, Andresen D, Blyth CC, et al. Antibiotic Duration and IV to Oral Switch for Bacterial Infections in Children. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016. PMID 27321363

›ICD-10 coding reference

›ICD-10 H70.0 acute mastoiditis with associated abscess

›ICD-10 G06.0 intracranial abscess

›ICD-10 G08 intracranial phlebitis and thrombophlebitis

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Reviewed by SymptomDx Medical Team · Last reviewed August 18, 2026

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