ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Vision Loss. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 2025
Imaging algorithm for vision loss including MRI and CT indications
Kovach JL, Bailey ST, Kim SJ, et al. Retinal and Ophthalmic Artery Occlusions Preferred Practice Pattern. Ophthalmology. 2025
CRAO management including thrombolysis evidence
Siebald F, Grittner U, Otto C, et al. Ultrasound Pupillometry for the Detection of RAPD. PLoS One. 2024. PMID 39792831
AUC 1.0 for ultrasound pupillometry in acute optic neuritis
Hutchinson AK, Morse CL, Hercinovic A, et al. Pediatric Eye Evaluations Preferred Practice Pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023. PMCID PMC10680450
Pediatric optic neuropathy and concussion visual evaluation standards
Chen CJ, Scheufele M, Sheth M, et al. Isolated Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect Secondary to Contralateral Midbrain Compression. Archives of Neurology. 2004
Postchiasmal RAPD mechanism and pretectal lesion evidence
Master CL, Bacal D, Grady MF, et al. Evaluation of the Visual System After Concussion. Pediatrics. 2022
Visual assessment protocol post-concussion in children
Kawasaki A, Miller NR, Kardon R. Pupillographic Investigation of RAPD Associated With a Midbrain Lesion. Ophthalmology. 2010. PMID 19923003
Pupillographic evidence for postchiasmal RAPD mechanisms
Coding references
ICD-10 codes for RAPD etiologies
H46.0: Optic papillitis
H47.01: Ischemic optic neuropathy (non-arteritic)
H34.10: Central retinal artery occlusion, unspecified eye
H33.00: Unspecified retinal detachment with retinal break
S04.01: Injury of optic nerve (traumatic optic neuropathy)
H47.12: Lesions of optic chiasm
M31.6: Other giant cell arteritis
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