VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Bipolar Disorder 2023
Arnold MJ. American Family Physician 2024
Evidence-based guidance for lithium and combination therapy
RANZCP Clinical Practice Guidelines for Mood Disorders 2020
Malhi GS et al. Bipolar Disorders 2020
Mixed features and psychotic mania guidance
Landmark studies and review articles
Nierenberg AA et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Review. JAMA 2023
Comprehensive review including anti-suicidal properties of lithium
Combination therapy superiority for severe mania
Singh B et al. Bipolar Disorder. Lancet 2025
Updated epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment evidence
Carvalho AF, Firth J, Vieta E. Bipolar Disorder. NEJM 2020
Pathophysiology and therapeutic framework
McIntyre RS et al. Bipolar Disorders. Lancet 2020
Global burden, neuroinflammation, treatment-resistance concepts
Miller JN, Black DW. Bipolar Disorder and Suicide: A Review. Current Psychiatry Reports 2020
Suicide risk quantification — 20-30x general population
Mixed features and highest acute risk
Diagnostic Tools and Resources
Diagnostic instruments
DSM-5-TR (American Psychiatric Association 2022)
Diagnostic criteria and specifiers for bipolar I disorder
Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) — Clinician-administered severity tool
Young RC et al. British Journal of Psychiatry 1978
Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) — Hirschfeld RM et al. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000
Sensitivity 73%, specificity 90% for bipolar I
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) — Posner K et al. American Journal of Psychiatry 2011
ECG and cardiac safety references
Xiong GL et al. QTc Monitoring in Adults With Medical and Psychiatric Comorbidities. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2020
QTc thresholds and monitoring recommendations
Truedson P et al. Effects of Toxic Lithium Levels on ECG-Findings. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2022
Lithium ECG effects at toxic levels
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