CDC Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Training 2023 to 2024
BLL reference value updated to 3.5 micrograms per dL (2021 MMWR)
Ruckart PZ et al. MMWR 2021
USPSTF Recommendation Statement: Screening for Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children and Pregnant Women. JAMA 2019
Curry SJ, Krist AH et al. JAMA 2019
Epidemiology and cardiovascular burden
GBD 2023 Lead Collaborators. Lead-Attributable Cardiovascular Disease Burden. JAMA 2026
Stanaway JD, Spearman S et al.
Establishes global cardiovascular mortality attributable to lead
Miller MR, Landrigan PJ, Arora M et al. Water, Soil, Noise, and Light Pollution. JACC 2024
Chelation and treatment evidence
Samarghandian S et al. Systematic Review of Clinical and Laboratory Findings of Lead Poisoning. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2021
Nussbaumer-Streit B et al. Household Interventions for Secondary Prevention of Domestic Lead Exposure in Children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020
Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 533: Lead Screening During Pregnancy and Lactation. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2012
Electrocardiographic and imaging references
ECG studies
Eum KD, Nie LH, Schwartz J et al. Lead Exposure and ECG Conduction Disturbances. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011
Kieltucki J, Dobrakowski M, Pawlas N et al. QT Interval and Lead Exposure. Human and Experimental Toxicology. 2017
10 microgram per gram tibia lead associated with approximately 5 ms QTc prolongation
Radiological references
Alvarenga Fernandes D et al. Radiological Changes in Lead Poisoning. Clinical Toxicology. 2024
McElvaine MD et al. Prevalence of Radiographic Evidence of Paint Chip Ingestion. Pediatrics. 1992
26 percent of children with BLL >= 55 micrograms per dL had positive KUB
Warniment C, Tsang K, Galazka SS. Lead Poisoning in Children. American Family Physician. 2010
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