Benson C, Brooks J, Dhanireddy S, et al. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents With HIV. IDSA; Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council. 2025
Class I recommendations for pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine + leucovorin as preferred regimen
Kapogiannis BG, Yates F, Li W, et al. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Children With and Exposed to HIV. OARAC. 2025
74% clinical improvement by 7 days, 91% by 14 days with pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine
Li J, Xue M, Lv Z, et al. Differentiation of AIDS-Related PCNSL from Cerebral Toxoplasmosis with SWI and Contrast-Enhanced 3D-T1WI. Int J Infect Dis. 2021
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34670145
Mahadevan A, Ramalingaiah AH, Parthasarathy S, et al. Neuropathological Correlate of the Concentric Target Sign in MRI of HIV-associated Cerebral Toxoplasmosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23440973
Transplant and non-HIV immunosuppressed guidelines
Aerts R, Mehra V, Groll AH, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Haematological Malignancies and After HSCT. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38134949
La Hoz RM, Morris MI, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Tissue and blood protozoa including toxoplasmosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. 2019
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