Lawton AJ, Lee KA, Cheville AL, et al. Assessment and Management of Patients With Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2019
Multidisciplinary review including rehabilitation and functional outcomes
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30395488
Tande AJ, Currier BL, Osmon DR. Spinal Epidural Abscess. New England Journal of Medicine. 2026
Current review of diagnosis and management of spinal epidural abscess
Alcorn S, et al. External Beam Radiation Therapy for Palliation of Symptomatic Bone Metastases: ASTRO Clinical Practice Guideline. Practical Radiation Oncology. 2024
Fractionation schedules and indications for EBRT in cord compression
Laur O, Nandu H, et al. Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Compression: MRI Primer for Emergency Department Radiologists. Radiographics. 2019
MRI findings by etiology with sensitivity and specificity data
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31589584
Mazurek MH, Abruzzo AR, King AH, et al. Implementation of a Survey Spine MR Imaging Protocol for Cord Compression in the ED. AJNR. 2024
Whole-spine survey MRI feasibility and protocol in emergency setting
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38702066
Spratt DE, Beeler WH, de Moraes FY, et al. An Integrated Multidisciplinary Algorithm for the Management of Spinal Metastases. Lancet Oncology. 2017
International Spine Oncology Consortium multidisciplinary algorithm
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29208438
Hennessy O, et al. Assessment and Early Investigation of Cauda Equina Syndrome: Systematic Review. European Spine Journal. 2025
CES classification, investigation timeline, and surgical urgency
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40000448
Singer E, Elsayem A, Nassif T, et al. Initial Management and Disposition of Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression in the Emergency Department. Annals of Medicine. 2025
ED-focused management and disposition evidence review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41033840
SymptomDx is an educational tool for medical professionals. It does not replace clinical judgment. Verify all clinical data and drug dosages with authoritative sources.