Primary evidence source for species-specific treatment recommendations
IDSA/HIVMA/OAC Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. 2025
Benson C, Brooks J, Dhanireddy S, et al.
Available at: clinicalinfo.hiv.gov
Covers treatment algorithms, ART interaction guidance, secondary prophylaxis thresholds
DHHS/OAC Pediatric Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Children with HIV. 2025
Kapogiannis BG, Yates F, Li W, et al.
Pediatric dosing recommendations for albendazole and nitazoxanide
Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 IDSA Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017. PMC5850553
Disposition and severity stratification criteria
Weber R, Bryan RT. Microsporidial Infections in Immunodeficient and Immunocompetent Patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1994. PMID: 7811872
Early characterization of microsporidial staining methods and clinical spectrum
Han B, Takvorian PM, Weiss LM. Invasion of Host Cells by Microsporidia. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020. PMID: 32132983
Polar tube invasion mechanism and intracellular lifecycle
Didier ES et al. Comparison of Three Staining Methods for Detecting Microsporidia in Fluids. J Clin Microbiol. 1995. PMID: 8586689
Comparative stain performance data including calcofluor white vs trichrome
Pazmiño-Gómez BJ et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of E. bieneusi and E. intestinalis Among PLHIV with Diarrhea. J Clin Medicine. 2025. PMID: 39860354
Contemporary prevalence data; CD4 and age as independent risk factors
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