Updated Lancet seminar on epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment
Yen LM, Thwaites CL. Tetanus. Lancet. 2019. PMID 30935736
Landmark review establishing current evidence base for management including magnesium and ANSD
Zhou S, Malani P. What Is Tetanus? JAMA. 2026.
JAMA patient page and clinical overview
Epidemiology and outcomes
An Y, Guo Y, Li L, et al. Management and Outcome of Adult Generalized Tetanus in a Chinese Tertiary Hospital. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023. PMID 38425467
Huang J, Cai E, Ding W, et al. Management and Outcome of Adult Generalized Tetanus Patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Anhui. Frontiers in Public Health. 2025. PMID 42077948
Pham OKN, Tran BN, Duong MC, et al. Cardiovascular Events in Tetanus. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2023. PMID 37795506
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy most common cardiac complication, days 5-20
Immunization guidelines
Liang JL, Tiwari T, Moro P, et al. Prevention of Pertussis, Tetanus, and Diphtheria with Vaccines in the United States. MMWR Recommendations and Reports. 2018. PMC 5919600
ACIP recommendations for Td and Tdap vaccination schedules
Supporting case reports
De Marchis GM. Video NeuroImage: Generalized Tetanus in a 70-Year-Old Woman. Neurology. 2008. PMID 18443304
Classic description of tetanus in older adults with typical clinical features
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