Geoghegan L et al. Central Slip Extensor Tendon Injuries: Systematic Review. J Hand Surg Eur 2019. PMID 31042102
Evidence base for operative and nonoperative treatment
Emerging evidence
Merritt WH, Jarrell K. Relative Motion Concept for Boutonniere Deformity. Ann Plast Surg 2020. PMID 32028337
RMF orthosis outcomes and anatomic rationale
Arslan OB et al. Relative Motion Flexion Orthoses for Chronic Boutonniere. J Hand Surg 2024. PMID 36202676
RMF orthosis in chronic deformity
Tong Y, Donnelly M, Paksima N. Nonoperative Treatment of Boutonniere Deformity. J Hand Ther 2025. PMID 40274447
Contemporary nonoperative outcomes comparison
Supporting references
Grandizio LC, Klena JC. Sagittal Band, Boutonniere, and Pulley Injuries in the Athlete. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2017. PMID 28101826
Westerheide E et al. Ultrasound Visualization of Central Slip Injuries. J Hand Surg 2003. PMID 14642518
Strudwick K et al. Best Practice Management Closed Hand and Wrist Injuries in the ED. Emerg Med Australas 2018. PMID 29797771
Grau L et al. Biomechanics of the Acute Boutonniere Deformity. J Hand Surg 2018. PMID 28888567
Childress MA, Olivas J, Crutchfield A. Common Finger Fractures and Dislocations. Am Fam Physician 2022. PMID 35704814
Coding references
ICD-10 S63.6 injury of extensor muscle and tendon at wrist and hand level
ICD-10 M20.02 boutonniere deformity of finger — chronic or rheumatoid context
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