American Family Physician acute shoulder injuries adults 2023
Simon LM, Nguyen V, Ezinwa NM. AFP. 2023
Team Physician Consensus Statement musculoskeletal injuries 2024
Herring SA, Kibler WB, Putukian M, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2024
Key clinical studies
Epidemiology and recurrence
Robinson CM, Seah M, Akhtar MA. Epidemiology, risk of recurrence, and functional outcome after acute traumatic posterior shoulder dislocation. JBJS. 2011
Recurrence rate 17.7% in first year
Risk factors: age <40, seizure etiology, large Hill-Sachs
Kelly MJ, Holton AE, Cassar-Gheiti AJ, et al. Aetiology of posterior glenohumeral dislocations: systematic review. Bone Joint J. 2019
Seizure 34-38% of cases
50-79% missed on initial presentation
Associated injuries
Rouleau DM, Hebert-Davies J. Incidence of associated injury in posterior shoulder dislocation: systematic review. J Orthop Trauma. 2012
65% have at least one associated injury
Rotator cuff tear OR 4.6 without Hill-Sachs
Saupe N, White LM, Bleakney R, et al. Acute traumatic posterior shoulder dislocation: MR findings. Radiology. 2008
Paul J, Buchmann S, Beitzel K, Solovyova O, Imhoff AB. Posterior shoulder dislocation: systematic review and treatment algorithm. Arthroscopy. 2011
Romano AM, Edwards TB, Nastrucci G, et al. Arthroscopic reduction and subscapularis remplissage of chronic posterior locked shoulder dislocation. KSSTA. 2021
Point-of-care ultrasound
Beck S, Chilstrom M. Point-of-care ultrasound diagnosis and treatment of posterior shoulder dislocation. Am J Emerg Med. 2013
Mackenzie DC, Liebmann O. Point-of-care ultrasound facilitates diagnosing a posterior shoulder dislocation. J Emerg Med. 2013
Imaging and anatomy
Jessen M, Willinger L, Lacheta L, et al. Posterior shoulder dislocation shows higher, flatter acromion and increased glenoid retroversion. J ISAKOS. 2026
Knight JA, Powell GM, Johnson AC. Radiographic and advanced imaging evaluation of posterior shoulder instability. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2024
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