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Symptom
dx.
Clinical Reference
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I have a symptom
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I know the diagnosis
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Clinical Reference
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Orthopedic Injuries
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Drug reference
Calculators
Clinical calculators
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Billing code lookup
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ECG
Interpretation guide
POCUS
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Acute limb ischemia
Cardiovascular Presentations
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Acute coronary syndrome (NSTEMI)
Acute coronary syndrome (STEMI)
Acute decompensated heart failure
Acute limb ischemia
Acute mesenteric ischemia
Aortic dissection
Aortic stenosis
Atrial fibrillation and flutter
Bradyarrhythmia and heart block
Cardiac arrest
Deep vein thrombosis
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
Pulmonary embolism
Stable angina
Superficial thrombophlebitis
Superior vena cava syndrome
Supraventricular tachycardia
Syncope (cardiogenic)
Unstable angina
Ventricular tachycardia
Respiratory Presentations
Acute bronchitis
Acute respiratory failure
Aspiration pneumonia
Asthma exacerbation
Bronchiolitis
Community-acquired pneumonia
COVID-19 pneumonia
COPD exacerbation
Croup
Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)
Epiglottitis
Hemothorax
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax (traumatic)
Pulmonary contusion
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Neurological Presentations
Bell's palsy
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Brain abscess
Cauda equina syndrome
Cervical radiculopathy
Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury)
Encephalitis
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral)
Ischemic stroke
Lumbar radiculopathy
Malignant spinal cord compression
Migraine
Peripheral neuropathy (acute)
Retropharyngeal abscess
Schizophrenia (acute exacerbation)
Seizure (breakthrough:known epilepsy)
Seizure (first-time)
Spinal cord injury
Status epilepticus
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Tension headache
Transient ischemic attack
Traumatic brain injury (moderate-severe)
Vestibular neuritis
Viral meningitis
Gastrointestinal Presentations
Acute appendicitis
Acute cholecystitis
Acute diverticulitis
Acute pancreatitis
Anal fissure
Choledocholithiasis and cholangitis
Clostridioides difficile colitis
Gastritis
Gastroenteritis (viral and bacterial)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Incarcerated or strangulated hernia
Inflammatory bowel disease flare
Large bowel obstruction
Lower GI hemorrhage
Peptic ulcer disease
Perforated viscus
Small bowel obstruction
Upper GI hemorrhage
Genitourinary and Reproductive Presentations
Acute prostatitis
Acute urinary retention
Ectopic pregnancy
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Ovarian torsion
Paraphimosis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Priapism
Pyelonephritis
Renal laceration
Ruptured ovarian cyst
Testicular torsion
Tubo-ovarian abscess
Urinary tract infection (uncomplicated)
Urolithiasis (renal colic)
Vaginal bleeding (non-pregnant)
Infectious Disease Presentations
Acute sinusitis
Acute tonsillitis
Acute upper respiratory infection
Animal bite
Bacterial meningitis
Cellulitis
Conjunctivitis (bacterial)
Dental abscess
Endocarditis
Febrile neutropenia
Fournier gangrene
Hand-foot-mouth disease
Hepatitis (acute)
Herpes zoster
HIV-related illness
Human bite
Impetigo
Infected diabetic foot ulcer
Infectious mononucleosis
Influenza
Necrotizing fasciitis
Osteomyelitis
Otitis externa
Parasitic infection
Periorbital cellulitis
Peritonsillar abscess
Scabies
Sepsis
Septic arthritis
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Tick-borne illness (Lyme disease)
Tinea infection
Tuberculosis
Viral exanthem
Wound infection
Trauma Presentations
Achilles tendon rupture
ACL and mceniscus tear
Ankle fracture
Ankle sprain
Burn
Calcaneus fracture
Cervical spine fracture
Clavicle fracture
Dental avulsion
Distal radius fracture
Drowning
Elbow fracture and dislocation
Electrical injury
Facial bone fracture
Facial laceration
Femur fracture
Fingertip amputation
Forearm fracture (radius and ulna)
Frostbite
Hand:finger laceration
Heat exhaustion
Heat stroke
Hip fracture
Humeral shaft fracture
Knee dislocation
Knee sprain
Lightning injury
Mandible fracture
Metacarpal fracture
Metatarsal fracture
Muscle strain
Nasal fracture
Non-accidental trauma
Orbital fracture
Patella fracture
Phalanx fracture (finger)
Proximal humerus fracture
Pulmonary contusion
Rib fracture
Rotator cuff tear (acute traumatic)
Scalp laceration
Scaphoid fracture
Shoulder dislocation
Skull fracture
Splenic laceration
Sternal fracture
Supracondylar pediatric fracture
Tendon laceration (hand:wrist)
Thoracic and lumbar spine fracture
Tibia:fibula fracture
Tibial plateau fracture
Toe fracture
Traumatic epistaxis
Traumatic hyphema
Toxicologic Presentations
Acetaminophen toxicity
Alcohol intoxication
Alcohol withdrawal
Anticholinergic toxicity
Anticoagulant overdose
Benzodiazepine overdose
Benzodiazepine:sedative overdose
Beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker toxicity
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Caustic ingestion
Digoxin toxicity
Drug eruption
Foreign body ingestion
Opioid intoxication
Opioid overdose
Opioid withdrawal
Organophosphate
Salicylate toxicity
Serotonin syndrome
Stimulant intoxication (cocaine, methamphetamine)
Tricyclic antidepressant overdose
Psychiatric Presentations
Acute anxiety
Acute psychosis
Agitation:behavioral emergency
Bipolar disorder
Conversion disorder
Major depressive episode
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Suicidal ideation and attempt
Musculoskeletal and Rheumatologic Presentations
Acute low back pain (mechanical)
Bursitis
Cervical radiculopathy
Costochondritis
Gout (acute)
Lumbar radiculopathy
Pseudogout
Tendinitis
Dermatology Presentations
Acute eczema (Eczema acute flare)
Allergic contact dermatitis
Erythema multiforme
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Pressure injury
Psoriasis (acute flare)
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Urticaria (acute)
Environmental and Exposure Presentations
Envenomation (snake, spider, insect)
High-altitude illness
Hypothermia
Hematologic and Oncologic Presentations
Acute chest syndrome
Coagulopathy
Hyperviscosity syndrome
Sickle cell crisis (vaso-occlusive)
Symptomatic anemia
Thrombocytopenia (severe)
Tumor lysis syndrome
Pediatric-Specific Presentations
Bronchiolitis
Croup
Emergency delivery
Febrile seizure
Kawasaki disease
Neonatal jaundice
Neonatal sepsis
Nursemaid's elbow
Pediatric fever 0 to 28 days
Pediatric fever 29 to 60 days
Pediatric fever 61 to 90 days
Pyloric stenosis
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Intussusception
Endocrine and Metabolic Presentations
Adrenal crisis
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hypercalcemia
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
Hypertensive emergency
Hypertensive urgency
Hypoglycemia
Myasthenia gravis crisis
Myxedema coma
Severe hyperkalemia
Severe hyponatremia
Thyroid storm
ENT and Maxillofacial Presentations
Acute laryngitis
Acute otitis media
Acute pharyngitis
Cerumen impaction
Epistaxis (anterior)
Nasal foreign body
Otitis externa
Tympanic membrane perforation
Ophthalmologic Presentations
Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Central retinal artery occlusion
Chemical eye injury
Corneal abrasion
Corneal ulcer
Globe rupture
Ocular foreign body
Orbital cellulitis
Retinal detachment
Obstetric Presentations
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Painful vaginal bleeding in pregnancy
Placenta previa
Placental abruption
Preeclampsia:eclampsia
Preterm labor
Threatened:inevitable:incomplete abortion
Systemic and Miscellaneous Presentations
Anaphylaxis
Angioedema
Cannabis-induced hyperemesis
Acute limb ischemia
POCUS
Procedures
Medications
Calculators
Resuscitation
ECG Guide
Back
Clinical Assessment Checklist
Browse categories and answer follow-up questions to refine your symptom profile.
Approach to the Critical Patient
Time critical priorities
Acute limb ischemia priorities
▶
Limb threat categorization
▶
Viable limb category I
Threatened limb category IIa
Threatened limb category IIb
Irreversible ischemia category III
Time last known normal perfusion
▶
Symptom onset within 14 days
Sudden onset minutes to hours
Progressive onset hours to days
Vascular surgery and interventional activation
▶
Category IIb immediate threatened limb
Category III irreversible limb
Immediate stabilization
Resuscitation basics
▶
Airway and breathing concerns
▶
Aspiration risk with altered mental status
Supplemental oxygen for hypoxemia
Circulation and access
▶
Two large bore IV lines
Cardiac monitor
12 lead ECG for atrial fibrillation or ischemia
Analgesia and limb protection
▶
Opioid analgesia for severe ischemic pain
Limb at rest
Limb in neutral or dependent position
Avoid elevation
Avoid external heat or cold
Immediate medical therapy
Anticoagulation on diagnosis
▶
Unfractionated heparin systemic anticoagulation
▶
Contraindications checklist
▶
Active major bleeding
Recent intracranial hemorrhage
Severe uncontrolled coagulopathy
Dosing strategy
▶
Bolus 80 units per kg IV
Infusion 18 units per kg per hour IV
Alternative no bolus strategy for high bleeding risk
Monitoring targets
▶
aPTT per institutional heparin nomogram
Anti Xa per institutional protocol
Limb viability triggers
Escalation triggers
▶
Threatened limb physiology
▶
Rest pain
Sensory loss
Motor weakness
Absent arterial Doppler signal
Irreversible ischemia physiology
▶
Profound anesthesia
Paralysis
Rigor
Mottling fixed discoloration
Absent arterial and venous Doppler signals
Pitfalls and safety
High risk pitfalls
▶
Normal proximal pulses with distal occlusion
▶
Popliteal or tibial occlusion
Embolus to distal vessels
Neurologic mimic
▶
Acute stroke with limb weakness
Spinal cord compression
Overreliance on pain as ischemia marker
▶
Diabetic neuropathy
Sedation and altered sensorium
Missed compartment syndrome after reperfusion
▶
Increasing pain out of proportion
Pain with passive stretch
History
Symptom pattern and timeline
Presentation features
▶
Six Ps pattern
▶
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paresthesia
Paralysis
Poikilothermia
Onset characteristics
▶
Sudden onset severe pain
Progressive pain and numbness
Minimal pain with advanced neuropathy
Prior limb symptoms
▶
Claudication history
Chronic rest pain
Prior ulcers or gangrene
Etiology clues
Embolic source clues
▶
Atrial fibrillation history
▶
Anticoagulation adherence
Recent interruption
Recent myocardial infarction
Valvular disease or endocarditis features
Thrombotic source clues
▶
Known peripheral artery disease
Prior bypass graft
Prior stent
Known aneurysm
Iatrogenic or trauma clues
▶
Recent arterial access
Vascular surgery or catheter procedure
Penetrating or blunt extremity trauma
Bleeding and thrombolysis risk
Thrombolysis contraindication screen
▶
Prior intracranial hemorrhage
Known intracranial neoplasm or AVM
Ischemic stroke timing
Recent major surgery timing
Recent GI bleeding timing
Severe uncontrolled hypertension
Medication and comorbidity context
Baseline risks
▶
Antiplatelet therapy
Anticoagulant therapy
Statin therapy
Smoking status
Diabetes status
Chronic kidney disease status
Physical Exam
Vascular focused exam
Perfusion assessment
▶
Skin temperature gradient
▶
Cool distal limb
Contralateral comparison
Skin color
▶
Pallor with elevation
Cyanosis
Mottling pattern
Capillary refill
▶
Delayed refill
Absent refill
Pulse and Doppler assessment
▶
Palpable pulses
▶
Femoral
Popliteal
Dorsalis pedis
Posterior tibial
Handheld Doppler signals
▶
Arterial signal present
Venous signal present
Arterial signal absent
Venous signal absent
Neuromuscular assessment
Ischemic nerve injury
▶
Sensory loss distribution
▶
Toes only
Foot dorsum plantar
Proximal progression
Motor deficit
▶
Toe movement weakness
Ankle dorsiflexion weakness
Foot drop
Paralysis
Red flags and complications
Compartment syndrome screen
▶
Pain out of proportion
Pain with passive stretch
Tense compartments
Paresthesia progression
Systemic instability
▶
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Fever
Sepsis physiology
Differential Diagnosis
Limb threatening vascular differentials
Vascular occlusive causes
▶
Acute arterial embolism ICD-10 I74.3
▶
Cardioembolic atrial fibrillation
Left ventricular thrombus
Acute thrombosis on chronic PAD ICD-10 I74.3
▶
In situ thrombosis at stenosis
Stent thrombosis
Acute bypass graft occlusion ICD-10 T82.868A
▶
Graft thrombosis
Anastomotic stenosis
Aortic or peripheral dissection ICD-10 I71 series
▶
Iliac dissection
Femoral dissection
Non occlusive ischemia and mimics
Flow limiting non occlusive states
▶
Shock related low flow ischemia
Severe heart failure low output
Vasopressor related ischemia
Mimics
▶
Acute deep vein thrombosis ICD-10 I82
▶
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens
Acute compartment syndrome ICD-10 T79.A
Acute neuropathy or radiculopathy
Cellulitis with pain and swelling
Frostbite and cold injury
Laboratory Tests
Baseline labs for intervention readiness
Pre procedure lab set
▶
Complete blood count
▶
Hemoglobin baseline for bleeding risk
Platelet count for thrombolysis eligibility
Electrolytes and renal function
▶
Creatinine for contrast risk
Potassium baseline for reperfusion monitoring
Coagulation studies
▶
INR baseline
aPTT baseline
Fibrinogen baseline if thrombolysis planned
Ischemia severity and reperfusion risk
Muscle injury markers
▶
Creatine kinase
▶
Elevated CK suggesting myonecrosis
Rising CK after reperfusion
Lactate
▶
Elevated lactate with severe ischemia or shock
Acid base and potassium monitoring
▶
Venous blood gas
▶
Metabolic acidosis with severe ischemia
Potassium repeat testing
▶
Hyperkalemia after reperfusion
Etiology evaluation labs
Cardioembolic and systemic clues
▶
Troponin for myocardial infarction suspicion
Blood cultures if endocarditis concern
Hypercoagulability selective testing
▶
Antiphospholipid antibodies for unexplained arterial thrombosis
Myeloproliferative markers when clinically indicated
Diagnostic Tests
Scoring Systems
Limb viability classification
▶
Rutherford acute limb ischemia categories
▶
Category I viable
▶
No sensory loss
No motor deficit
Arterial Doppler audible
Venous Doppler audible
Category IIa marginally threatened
▶
Minimal sensory loss toes
No motor deficit
Arterial Doppler inaudible
Venous Doppler audible
Category IIb immediately threatened
▶
Sensory loss beyond toes
Mild to moderate motor deficit
Arterial Doppler inaudible
Venous Doppler audible
Category III irreversible
▶
Profound anesthesia
Paralysis
Arterial Doppler inaudible
Venous Doppler inaudible
MRI
MR angiography
▶
Indications
▶
Contrast allergy limiting CTA
Need for detailed runoff mapping
Limitations
▶
Time delay in threatened limb
MRI incompatible devices
Interpretation focus
▶
Level of occlusion
Collateral flow
Runoff vessel patency
CT
CT angiography with runoff
▶
Indications
▶
Threatened limb with unclear level of occlusion
Suspected proximal aortoiliac disease
Suspected aneurysm thromboembolism
Imaging pearls
▶
Embolus pattern abrupt cutoff without calcified disease
Thrombosis pattern long segment disease with calcification
Safety considerations
▶
Contrast nephropathy risk
Contrast allergy premedication strategy
Ultrasound
Duplex ultrasound
▶
Indications
▶
Rapid bedside localization
Alternative when CTA unavailable
Findings
▶
Absent flow signal distal to occlusion
High velocity jet at stenosis
Thrombus visualization in aneurysm or graft
Limitations
▶
Operator dependence
Difficult visualization with obesity or edema
Bedside Doppler
▶
Arterial signal assessment
▶
Monophasic signal
No signal
Venous signal assessment
▶
Present venous signal supporting salvageability
Disposition
Level of care and destination
Disposition pathways
▶
Category I viable limb
▶
Urgent vascular consultation
Imaging guided planning
Admission for intervention planning
Category IIa threatened limb
▶
Emergent revascularization pathway
Interventional suite or operating room
Continuous heparin infusion
Category IIb threatened limb
▶
Immediate revascularization
Direct to operating room or endovascular thrombectomy
Avoid delays for extensive imaging when clinical localization clear
Category III irreversible limb
▶
Primary amputation pathway
Avoid revascularization of nonviable tissue
Transfer criteria
Transfer triggers
▶
No on site vascular surgery or endovascular capability
Threatened limb category IIa or IIb
Hemodynamic instability requiring ICU
Need for complex revascularization or bypass
Transfer essentials
▶
Heparin infusion continuity
Limb protection
Copies of imaging
Time of symptom onset documentation
Post revascularization monitoring
Monitoring needs
▶
ICU for high reperfusion risk
Serial neurovascular checks
Compartment syndrome surveillance
Electrolyte monitoring for hyperkalemia
Treatment
Anticoagulation
Systemic anticoagulation regimen
▶
Unfractionated heparin
▶
Initiate unless contraindicated
▶
ACC AHA 2024 Class 1 recommendation
Level of evidence C-EO
Standard dosing
▶
Bolus 80 units per kg IV
▶
Maximum bolus per institutional protocol
Infusion 18 units per kg per hour IV
▶
Titration per aPTT nomogram
Monitoring and safety
▶
Platelet count trend for HIT
Overt bleeding surveillance
Alternative anticoagulation
▶
Direct thrombin inhibitor for suspected HIT
▶
Argatroban infusion per institutional protocol
Bivalirudin infusion per institutional protocol
Analgesia and supportive care
Supportive measures
▶
Analgesia strategy
▶
Fentanyl IV 25 to 50 micrograms
▶
Repeat every 5 to 10 minutes to effect
Hydromorphone IV 0.2 to 0.5 mg
▶
Repeat every 10 to 15 minutes to effect
Nausea prophylaxis
▶
Ondansetron IV 4 mg
▶
Repeat every 8 hours as needed
Fluids and perfusion
▶
Isotonic crystalloid for hypovolemia
Avoid hypotension to support collateral flow
Revascularization strategies
Revascularization for salvageable limb
▶
Endovascular options
▶
Catheter directed thrombolysis
▶
Alteplase infusion 0.5 to 1 mg per hour intra arterial
▶
Maximum total dose per institutional protocol
Fibrinogen monitoring per protocol
Adjunctive angioplasty or stenting after lysis
▶
ACC AHA 2024 Class 2a usefulness
Level of evidence C-EO
Mechanical thrombectomy
▶
Aspirational thrombectomy
Rheolytic thrombectomy
Combined thrombectomy and limited lysis strategy
Surgical options
▶
Open embolectomy
▶
Fogarty catheter embolectomy for embolus
Completion angiography when available
Surgical thrombectomy and endarterectomy
▶
Thrombosis on chronic stenosis
Bypass surgery
▶
Inflow correction aortoiliac
Outflow bypass femoropopliteal or tibial
Guideline indication
▶
ACC AHA 2024 revascularization for salvageable limb
▶
Class 1 indication
Level of evidence A
Fasciotomy and reperfusion injury
Reperfusion injury mitigation
▶
Compartment syndrome response
▶
Fasciotomy after revascularization when compartment syndrome present
▶
ACC AHA 2024 Class 1 recommendation
Level of evidence C-EO
Prophylactic fasciotomy for threatened limb IIa or IIb when high risk
▶
ACC AHA 2024 Class 2a recommendation
Level of evidence B-NR
Metabolic monitoring
▶
Potassium and acid base checks after reperfusion
CK trend for rhabdomyolysis
Amputation pathway
Non salvageable limb management
▶
Avoid revascularization of nonviable tissue
▶
ACC AHA 2024 Class 3 harm
Level of evidence C-EO
Primary amputation planning
▶
Pain control
Infection control if gangrene
Rehabilitation planning
Special Populations
Pregnancy
Pregnancy considerations
▶
Maternal fetal risk balance
▶
Maternal limb salvage as priority
Obstetric consultation early
Anticoagulation choices
▶
Unfractionated heparin preferred for rapid reversibility
▶
Avoid warfarin in pregnancy
LMWH as alternative when stable and appropriate
Imaging strategy
▶
Duplex ultrasound first line when feasible
CTA when limb threatened and rapid localization needed
Geriatric
Older adult considerations
▶
High prevalence of atrial fibrillation embolus
▶
ECG and rhythm monitoring importance
High bleeding risk with thrombolysis
▶
Individualized lysis decision
Frailty and function
▶
Pre event ambulatory status
Shared decision making for amputation vs salvage
Pediatrics
Pediatric considerations
▶
Common etiologies
▶
Iatrogenic arterial line thrombosis
Congenital heart disease embolus
Trauma related occlusion
Anticoagulation dosing
▶
Weight based unfractionated heparin per pediatric protocol
Anti Xa monitoring preference in pediatrics
Specialist involvement
▶
Pediatric vascular surgery
Pediatric hematology for thrombophilia evaluation
Background
Epidemiology
Epidemiology overview
▶
Incidence range
▶
3 to 14 per 100000 person years reported in historical cohorts
Higher incidence in adults older than 80 years
Clinical significance
▶
Limb loss risk without timely revascularization
High short term cardiovascular event risk
Pathophysiology
Mechanisms of acute limb ischemia
▶
Embolism
▶
Sudden arterial occlusion in previously normal vessel
Limited collateral development
Thrombosis
▶
Acute thrombosis on chronic stenosis
Collateral flow partially protective
Graft or stent thrombosis
▶
Flow limiting outflow disease
Intimal hyperplasia and stenosis
Reperfusion injury
▶
Compartment syndrome
Hyperkalemia
Metabolic acidosis
Myoglobin mediated kidney injury
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapy rationale
▶
Immediate heparin benefits
▶
Prevent thrombus propagation
Reduce distal microembolization
Bridge to definitive revascularization
Revascularization strategy selection
▶
Rutherford category driven urgency
Embolus favoring embolectomy
Thrombosis favoring endovascular plus lesion treatment
Thrombolysis tradeoffs
▶
Better for distal and multilevel thrombus
Bleeding risk increased
Time to effect may be limiting in IIb
Fasciotomy role
▶
Prevent irreversible neuromuscular damage from compartment syndrome
Prevent amputation from reperfusion sequelae
Patient Discharge Instructions
Copy discharge instructions
Copy
Discharge instructions for post ALI care
▶
Medication adherence
▶
Anticoagulant exactly as prescribed
Antiplatelet exactly as prescribed
Statin exactly as prescribed
Wound and limb care
▶
Keep incisions clean and dry
Daily foot and skin checks
Avoid cold exposure to the limb
Activity guidance
▶
Gradual walking program per vascular team
Avoid prolonged immobility
Return to ED now symptoms
▶
New severe limb pain
New numbness or weakness
New color change pale blue or black
Cold limb compared with other side
Bleeding that does not stop
Chest pain or shortness of breath
Fainting or new neurologic symptoms
Follow up
▶
Vascular surgery follow up date and location
Anticoagulation clinic follow up if applicable
Cardiology follow up for embolic source evaluation
References
Clinical guidelines and key sources
Guideline references
▶
2024 ACC AHA multisociety guideline for lower extremity peripheral artery disease
▶
Anticoagulation for ALI with unfractionated heparin Class 1 Level C-EO
Revascularization for salvageable ALI Class 1 Level A
Fasciotomy for compartment syndrome after revascularization Class 1 Level C-EO
ESVS 2020 clinical practice guidelines on management of acute limb ischaemia
▶
Incidence estimates and epidemiology
Etiology classification embolus thrombosis graft occlusion
Review overview of Rutherford classification in peripheral artery disease
▶
Rutherford category definitions
Thrombosis Canada peripheral arterial disease clinical guide
▶
Emergent heparin use in suspected ALI
SymptomDx is an educational tool for medical professionals. It does not replace clinical judgment. Verify all clinical data and drug dosages with authoritative sources.
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Acute limb ischemia