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dx.
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Splenic laceration
Cardiovascular Presentations
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Acute coronary syndrome (NSTEMI)
Acute coronary syndrome (STEMI)
Acute decompensated heart failure
Acute limb ischemia
Acute mesenteric ischemia
Aortic dissection
Aortic stenosis
Atrial fibrillation and flutter
Bradyarrhythmia and heart block
Cardiac arrest
Deep vein thrombosis
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
Pulmonary embolism
Stable angina
Superficial thrombophlebitis
Superior vena cava syndrome
Supraventricular tachycardia
Syncope (cardiogenic)
Unstable angina
Ventricular tachycardia
Respiratory Presentations
Acute bronchitis
Acute respiratory failure
Aspiration pneumonia
Asthma exacerbation
Bronchiolitis
Community-acquired pneumonia
COVID-19 pneumonia
COPD exacerbation
Croup
Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)
Epiglottitis
Hemothorax
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax (traumatic)
Pulmonary contusion
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Neurological Presentations
Bell's palsy
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Brain abscess
Cauda equina syndrome
Cervical radiculopathy
Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury)
Encephalitis
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral)
Ischemic stroke
Lumbar radiculopathy
Malignant spinal cord compression
Migraine
Peripheral neuropathy (acute)
Retropharyngeal abscess
Schizophrenia (acute exacerbation)
Seizure (breakthrough:known epilepsy)
Seizure (first-time)
Spinal cord injury
Status epilepticus
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Tension headache
Transient ischemic attack
Traumatic brain injury (moderate-severe)
Vestibular neuritis
Viral meningitis
Gastrointestinal Presentations
Acute appendicitis
Acute cholecystitis
Acute diverticulitis
Acute pancreatitis
Anal fissure
Choledocholithiasis and cholangitis
Clostridioides difficile colitis
Gastritis
Gastroenteritis (viral and bacterial)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Incarcerated or strangulated hernia
Inflammatory bowel disease flare
Large bowel obstruction
Lower GI hemorrhage
Peptic ulcer disease
Perforated viscus
Small bowel obstruction
Upper GI hemorrhage
Genitourinary and Reproductive Presentations
Acute prostatitis
Acute urinary retention
Ectopic pregnancy
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Ovarian torsion
Paraphimosis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Priapism
Pyelonephritis
Renal laceration
Ruptured ovarian cyst
Testicular torsion
Tubo-ovarian abscess
Urinary tract infection (uncomplicated)
Urolithiasis (renal colic)
Vaginal bleeding (non-pregnant)
Infectious Disease Presentations
Acute sinusitis
Acute tonsillitis
Acute upper respiratory infection
Animal bite
Bacterial meningitis
Cellulitis
Conjunctivitis (bacterial)
Dental abscess
Endocarditis
Febrile neutropenia
Fournier gangrene
Hand-foot-mouth disease
Hepatitis (acute)
Herpes zoster
HIV-related illness
Human bite
Impetigo
Infected diabetic foot ulcer
Infectious mononucleosis
Influenza
Necrotizing fasciitis
Osteomyelitis
Otitis externa
Parasitic infection
Periorbital cellulitis
Peritonsillar abscess
Scabies
Sepsis
Septic arthritis
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Tick-borne illness (Lyme disease)
Tinea infection
Tuberculosis
Viral exanthem
Wound infection
Trauma Presentations
Achilles tendon rupture
ACL and mceniscus tear
Ankle fracture
Ankle sprain
Burn
Calcaneus fracture
Cervical spine fracture
Clavicle fracture
Dental avulsion
Distal radius fracture
Drowning
Elbow fracture and dislocation
Electrical injury
Facial bone fracture
Facial laceration
Femur fracture
Fingertip amputation
Forearm fracture (radius and ulna)
Frostbite
Hand:finger laceration
Heat exhaustion
Heat stroke
Hip fracture
Humeral shaft fracture
Knee dislocation
Knee sprain
Lightning injury
Mandible fracture
Metacarpal fracture
Metatarsal fracture
Muscle strain
Nasal fracture
Non-accidental trauma
Orbital fracture
Patella fracture
Phalanx fracture (finger)
Proximal humerus fracture
Pulmonary contusion
Rib fracture
Rotator cuff tear (acute traumatic)
Scalp laceration
Scaphoid fracture
Shoulder dislocation
Skull fracture
Splenic laceration
Sternal fracture
Supracondylar pediatric fracture
Tendon laceration (hand:wrist)
Thoracic and lumbar spine fracture
Tibia:fibula fracture
Tibial plateau fracture
Toe fracture
Traumatic epistaxis
Traumatic hyphema
Toxicologic Presentations
Acetaminophen toxicity
Alcohol intoxication
Alcohol withdrawal
Anticholinergic toxicity
Anticoagulant overdose
Benzodiazepine overdose
Benzodiazepine:sedative overdose
Beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker toxicity
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Caustic ingestion
Digoxin toxicity
Drug eruption
Foreign body ingestion
Opioid intoxication
Opioid overdose
Opioid withdrawal
Organophosphate
Salicylate toxicity
Serotonin syndrome
Stimulant intoxication (cocaine, methamphetamine)
Tricyclic antidepressant overdose
Psychiatric Presentations
Acute anxiety
Acute psychosis
Agitation:behavioral emergency
Bipolar disorder
Conversion disorder
Major depressive episode
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Suicidal ideation and attempt
Musculoskeletal and Rheumatologic Presentations
Acute low back pain (mechanical)
Bursitis
Cervical radiculopathy
Costochondritis
Gout (acute)
Lumbar radiculopathy
Pseudogout
Tendinitis
Dermatology Presentations
Acute eczema (Eczema acute flare)
Allergic contact dermatitis
Erythema multiforme
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Pressure injury
Psoriasis (acute flare)
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Urticaria (acute)
Environmental and Exposure Presentations
Envenomation (snake, spider, insect)
High-altitude illness
Hypothermia
Hematologic and Oncologic Presentations
Acute chest syndrome
Coagulopathy
Hyperviscosity syndrome
Sickle cell crisis (vaso-occlusive)
Symptomatic anemia
Thrombocytopenia (severe)
Tumor lysis syndrome
Pediatric-Specific Presentations
Bronchiolitis
Croup
Emergency delivery
Febrile seizure
Kawasaki disease
Neonatal jaundice
Neonatal sepsis
Nursemaid's elbow
Pediatric fever 0 to 28 days
Pediatric fever 29 to 60 days
Pediatric fever 61 to 90 days
Pyloric stenosis
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Intussusception
Endocrine and Metabolic Presentations
Adrenal crisis
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hypercalcemia
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
Hypertensive emergency
Hypertensive urgency
Hypoglycemia
Myasthenia gravis crisis
Myxedema coma
Severe hyperkalemia
Severe hyponatremia
Thyroid storm
ENT and Maxillofacial Presentations
Acute laryngitis
Acute otitis media
Acute pharyngitis
Cerumen impaction
Epistaxis (anterior)
Nasal foreign body
Otitis externa
Tympanic membrane perforation
Ophthalmologic Presentations
Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Central retinal artery occlusion
Chemical eye injury
Corneal abrasion
Corneal ulcer
Globe rupture
Ocular foreign body
Orbital cellulitis
Retinal detachment
Obstetric Presentations
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Painful vaginal bleeding in pregnancy
Placenta previa
Placental abruption
Preeclampsia:eclampsia
Preterm labor
Threatened:inevitable:incomplete abortion
Systemic and Miscellaneous Presentations
Anaphylaxis
Angioedema
Cannabis-induced hyperemesis
Splenic laceration
POCUS
Procedures
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ECG Guide
Back
Clinical Assessment Checklist
Browse categories and answer follow-up questions to refine your symptom profile.
Approach to the Critical Patient
Immediate priorities
Life threats and stabilization
▶
Airway compromise
▶
If refractory hypoxemia or inability to protect airway, intubation
Breathing threats
▶
If tension pneumothorax physiology, immediate decompression
Circulatory collapse
▶
If SBP <90 mm Hg with suspected intraabdominal hemorrhage, resuscitation bay escalation
Hemorrhagic shock recognition
▶
Persistent tachycardia despite analgesia
Narrow pulse pressure
Cool clammy skin
Altered mental status without head injury explanation
Early hemorrhage control pathway
▶
If unstable with positive FAST, immediate operative management pathway
If unstable with negative FAST, alternate bleeding sources pathway
Hemodynamic goals and monitoring
Monitoring and targets
▶
Continuous ECG and pulse oximetry
▶
Frequent reassessment for evolving shock
Two large bore IV or IO access
▶
If difficult access, rapid IO placement
Blood pressure strategy
▶
If active hemorrhage suspected, permissive hypotension until hemostasis when no TBI
If traumatic brain injury suspected, maintain adequate cerebral perfusion and avoid hypotension
Temperature control
▶
Active warming to prevent coagulopathy
Urine output monitoring
▶
Foley catheter if no urethral injury concern
Early imaging and decision points
Rapid diagnostics
▶
eFAST
▶
Free intraperitoneal fluid
Pericardial effusion
Pleural fluid and pneumothorax
CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast
▶
If hemodynamically stable or stabilized
If ongoing transfusion requirement but stable enough for scanner, trauma team decision
Pelvic imaging
▶
If hemodynamic instability with mechanism suggesting pelvic hemorrhage
Consultation and activation triggers
Team activation
▶
Trauma surgery early involvement for suspected solid organ injury
▶
If unstable, immediate bedside evaluation
Interventional radiology early notification
▶
If CT contrast blush or high grade injury with stability
Massive transfusion protocol activation
▶
If ongoing hypotension or rapid blood loss suspicion
Transfer triggers
▶
If no trauma surgery or IR capability and suspected high grade injury
History
Mechanism and timing
Injury context
▶
Blunt trauma mechanism
▶
Motor vehicle collision
Fall from height
Sports impact
Penetrating trauma mechanism
▶
Left upper quadrant or lower chest wound trajectory
Flank wound trajectory
Time since injury
▶
Delayed presentation risk
Symptoms and associated features
Symptom pattern
▶
Left upper quadrant abdominal pain
▶
Worsening with movement
Left shoulder pain
▶
Kehr sign suggestion of diaphragmatic irritation
Dizziness or syncope
▶
Hemorrhage concern
Dyspnea
▶
Associated lower chest injury concern
Nausea or vomiting
▶
Abdominal irritation or associated injury
Risk modifiers and medications
Bleeding risk context
▶
Anticoagulant use
▶
Warfarin
DOACs
Antiplatelet use
▶
Aspirin
Clopidogrel
Known coagulopathy
▶
Liver disease
Hemophilia
Alcohol intoxication
▶
Reliability concerns
Relevant past history
Spleen related factors
▶
Prior splenic injury or surgery
▶
Postsplenectomy status
Infectious mononucleosis or splenomegaly history
▶
Lower threshold for injury with minor trauma
Hematologic disease
▶
Sickle cell disease
Thalassemia
Hematologic malignancy
Physical Exam
Primary survey focused findings
Immediate exam priorities
▶
Hemodynamic status
▶
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Mental status
▶
Agitation or confusion as shock marker
Respiratory status
▶
Tachypnea
Low oxygen saturation
Abdominal and thoracoabdominal exam
Abdominal injury clues
▶
Left upper quadrant tenderness
▶
Guarding
Rebound
Abdominal distension
▶
Increasing girth concern
Peritonitis
▶
Rigidity
Severe diffuse tenderness
External signs
▶
Seatbelt sign
Abdominal wall ecchymosis
Chest wall and rib assessment
Lower chest injury association
▶
Left lower rib tenderness
▶
Rib fracture association with splenic injury
Chest wall crepitus
▶
Subcutaneous emphysema concern
Breath sounds asymmetry
▶
Hemothorax or pneumothorax concern
Perfusion and bleeding assessment
Shock indicators
▶
Delayed capillary refill
▶
Peripheral vasoconstriction
Cool extremities
▶
Low flow state
Pallor
▶
Hemorrhage concern
PITFALLS
Miss risk patterns
▶
Early normal vitals with ongoing bleed
▶
Compensated shock in young patients
Isolated shoulder pain without abdominal complaints
▶
Diaphragmatic irritation presentation
Distracting injuries
▶
Missed abdominal tenderness with long bone fractures
Differential Diagnosis
Life threatening traumatic causes
Hemorrhagic sources
▶
Splenic laceration or rupture (ICD 10 S36.0)
▶
Hemoperitoneum
Liver laceration (ICD 10 S36.1)
▶
Right upper quadrant dominant pain
Mesenteric injury (ICD 10 S36.8)
▶
Delayed peritonitis
Hollow viscus perforation (ICD 10 S36.5)
▶
Free air risk
Retroperitoneal hemorrhage
▶
Pelvic fracture association
Mimics and related conditions
Non splenic explanations
▶
Left renal injury (ICD 10 S37.0)
▶
Flank pain
Hematuria
Pancreatic injury (ICD 10 S36.2)
▶
Epigastric pain
Delayed elevation of enzymes
Left lower rib fracture pain (ICD 10 S22.3)
▶
Focal chest wall tenderness
Hemothorax (ICD 10 S27.1)
▶
Dullness and decreased breath sounds
Non traumatic abdominal pain differentials
Alternative diagnoses
▶
Splenic infarction
▶
Atrial fibrillation context
Splenic abscess
▶
Fever and leukocytosis
Gastritis or peptic ulcer disease
▶
Epigastric predominance
Laboratory Tests
Hemorrhage and perfusion labs
Bleeding and shock assessment
▶
Complete blood count for bleeding concern
▶
Hemoglobin trend over time
Platelet count for coagulopathy context
Venous blood gas for perfusion
▶
Lactate mmol/L as shock marker
Base deficit as severity marker
Basic metabolic panel
▶
Creatinine for contrast planning
Potassium for resuscitation safety
Coagulation and transfusion preparation
Hemostasis and blood products
▶
INR and aPTT
▶
Anticoagulant effect estimate
Trauma induced coagulopathy context
Fibrinogen
▶
Low fibrinogen as massive hemorrhage marker
Type and screen
▶
Early crossmatch readiness
Pregnancy test when applicable
▶
Imaging and management implications
Point of care and adjunct tests
Rapid adjuncts
▶
Point of care hemoglobin
▶
Trend support only
Early false reassurance risk
Thromboelastography or rotational thromboelastometry when available
▶
Targeted component therapy guidance
Hyperfibrinolysis detection
PITFALLS
Lab limitations
▶
Single normal hemoglobin early after bleed
▶
Hemodilution delay
Lactate elevation from exertion or seizures
▶
Clinical correlation required
Diagnostic Tests
Scoring Systems
Injury grading and classification
▶
AAST splenic injury scale
▶
Grade I
▶
Subcapsular hematoma less than 10 percent surface area
Capsular laceration less than 1 cm depth
Grade II
▶
Subcapsular hematoma 10 to 50 percent surface area
Intraparenchymal hematoma less than 5 cm
Laceration 1 to 3 cm depth without trabecular vessel involvement
Grade III
▶
Subcapsular hematoma more than 50 percent surface area or expanding
Ruptured subcapsular or parenchymal hematoma
Intraparenchymal hematoma 5 cm or larger or expanding
Laceration more than 3 cm depth or involving trabecular vessels
Grade IV
▶
Laceration involving segmental or hilar vessels with major devascularization more than 25 percent
Grade V
▶
Shattered spleen
Hilar vascular injury with devascularized spleen
WSES splenic trauma classification
▶
Combines AAST grade and hemodynamic status
Guides nonoperative vs operative strategy
Shock index
▶
Heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure
Elevated values suggest occult shock
MRI
Limited role in acute trauma
▶
Soft tissue characterization when CT contraindicated
▶
Severe iodinated contrast allergy with stability
Problem solving in equivocal CT findings
▶
Delayed parenchymal lesion characterization
Constraints
▶
Time and monitoring limitations
Incompatible devices and unstable patients
CT
CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast
▶
Core indications
▶
Hemodynamic stability or stabilized after resuscitation
Suspected solid organ injury
Key CT findings
▶
Laceration depth and location
Intraparenchymal hematoma
Subcapsular hematoma
Active contrast extravasation
Pseudoaneurysm
Arteriovenous fistula
Hemoperitoneum volume estimate
Management implications
▶
Contrast blush association with higher failure risk of observation alone
High grade injury association with angioembolization consideration
Technique pearls
▶
Portal venous phase standard
Arterial phase for vascular injury when available
Ultrasound
eFAST applications
▶
Intraperitoneal free fluid detection
▶
Highest utility in hypotensive trauma
Serial exams
▶
Interval fluid increase suggests ongoing bleeding
Limitations
▶
Early injury with minimal fluid
Obesity and bowel gas interference
Extended views
▶
Left upper quadrant view for splenorenal recess
Pelvic view for dependent fluid
Disposition
Level of care selection
Admission and monitoring strategy
▶
ICU level care
▶
Hemodynamic instability or vasopressor need
Ongoing transfusion requirement
High grade injury with high risk of delayed bleeding
Stepdown or ward care
▶
Stable vitals with low grade injury
Reliable serial exams capability
Observation unit
▶
Selected low grade injuries with stable hemoglobin trend and pain control
Transfer and resource needs
System requirements
▶
Trauma surgery capability
▶
Operative management availability
Interventional radiology availability
▶
Angioembolization access within clinically acceptable time
Blood bank support
▶
Massive transfusion capability
Discharge eligibility
Copy
Discharge criteria
▶
Hemodynamic stability without transfusion need
▶
Stable serial vitals
Stable hemoglobin trend
▶
No clinically significant drop over observation period
Pain controlled on oral regimen
▶
Ambulation feasible
Reliable follow up and return precautions
▶
Safe home supervision when needed
Delayed complication vigilance
Post discharge risk
▶
Delayed hemorrhage
▶
Most likely early days after injury
Splenic pseudoaneurysm rupture
▶
Risk after higher grade injury and vascular lesions
Treatment
Resuscitation and transfusion
Hemorrhage resuscitation
▶
Balanced blood product strategy
▶
Early packed red cells and plasma consideration in major hemorrhage
▶
Avoid large volume crystalloid as primary strategy
Platelet support when massive transfusion context
▶
Goal directed therapy when viscoelastic testing available
Massive transfusion protocol
▶
If suspected life threatening hemorrhage, activate early
▶
Hypothermia prevention integrated
Tranexamic acid
▶
If within 3 hours of major traumatic bleeding, consider
▶
1 g IV over 10 minutes
▶
Then 1 g IV over 8 hours
Nonoperative management pathway
Observation strategy in stable patient
▶
Bed rest and activity restriction protocol per local policy
▶
Serial abdominal exams
▶
Worsening tenderness escalation
Serial hemoglobin monitoring
▶
Increasing transfusion need escalation
DVT prophylaxis timing
▶
Mechanical prophylaxis early
▶
Pharmacologic prophylaxis when bleeding stabilized per trauma protocol
Analgesia
▶
Multimodal regimen
▶
Acetaminophen scheduled when appropriate
▶
Opioid sparing strategy
Opioids for breakthrough pain
▶
Monitor for hypotension and hypoventilation
Angiography and embolization
Splenic angioembolization indications
▶
CT contrast extravasation or blush in stable patient
▶
IR consultation for embolization
Splenic vascular lesions
▶
Pseudoaneurysm
Arteriovenous fistula
High grade injury with substantial hemoperitoneum
▶
Adjunct to nonoperative management
Embolization considerations
▶
Proximal vs distal embolization
▶
Proximal for diffuse bleeding risk reduction
Distal for focal vascular lesion
Post embolization monitoring
▶
Rebleeding signs
Splenic infarction symptoms
Operative management
Surgery indications
▶
Hemodynamic instability from suspected intraabdominal bleed
▶
Immediate laparotomy pathway
Peritonitis
▶
Hollow viscus or uncontrolled hemorrhage concern
Failed nonoperative management
▶
Ongoing transfusion requirement
Worsening hemodynamics
Operative options
▶
Splenorrhaphy or partial splenectomy
▶
Spleen preserving strategy when feasible
Splenectomy
▶
Definitive hemorrhage control
Postsplenectomy and functional asplenia care
Infection prevention
▶
Vaccination strategy
▶
Pneumococcal vaccination series per local schedule
▶
PCV followed by PPSV timing per guidance
Meningococcal vaccination
▶
MenACWY series
MenB series
Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
▶
Single dose if not previously immunized
Antibiotic considerations
▶
Febrile illness low threshold for empiric antibiotics and urgent evaluation
Standby antibiotics policy dependent
Thrombosis risk
▶
Postsplenectomy thrombocytosis monitoring
▶
Platelet trend follow up
Evidence levels and consensus
Evidence framing
▶
Hemodynamically unstable abdominal trauma with suspected hemorrhage favors operative hemorrhage control
▶
Class I recommendation based on expert consensus
CT with IV contrast for stable blunt abdominal trauma when solid organ injury suspected
▶
ACEP Level C consensus support for imaging guided management in trauma systems
eFAST as rapid adjunct in hypotensive trauma
▶
ACEP Level C consensus support as bedside decision aid
Special Populations
Pregnancy
Pregnancy specific considerations
▶
Physiologic tachycardia and lower baseline blood pressure
▶
Occult shock risk
Left upper quadrant pain differential broadening
▶
Placental abruption if trauma with uterine tenderness
Imaging strategy
▶
Maternal stabilization priority
CT when clinically indicated despite fetal radiation concern
Rh status
▶
Anti D immunoglobulin when indicated
Geriatric
Older adult considerations
▶
Blunted tachycardic response
▶
Beta blocker use masking shock
Anticoagulant and antiplatelet prevalence
▶
Lower threshold for imaging and reversal considerations
Frailty and comorbidities
▶
Lower physiologic reserve for hemorrhage
Pediatrics
Pediatric management themes
▶
Nonoperative management high success in stable children
▶
Close monitoring and serial exams
Weight based resuscitation
▶
Blood products and medications dosed per kg
Activity restriction
▶
Return to sports timing guided by grade and pediatric trauma protocol
Background
Epidemiology
Frequency and context
▶
Splenic injury as common solid organ injury in blunt abdominal trauma
▶
Association with motor vehicle collisions and falls
Concomitant injuries common
▶
Rib fractures
Pulmonary contusion
Traumatic brain injury
Pathophysiology
Mechanisms of injury
▶
Capsular tear and parenchymal laceration
▶
Hemoperitoneum risk
Vascular injury
▶
Pseudoaneurysm formation
Active arterial bleeding
Subcapsular hematoma expansion
▶
Delayed rupture risk
Therapeutic Considerations
Management principles
▶
Hemodynamic status as primary decision driver
▶
Stability favors imaging guided nonoperative pathway
Spleen preservation value
▶
Reduced risk of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection
Angioembolization role
▶
Adjunct to improve nonoperative success in vascular injury patterns
Complication tradeoffs
▶
Rebleeding vs infarction vs abscess risk after embolization
Lifelong infection risk after splenectomy
Patient Discharge Instructions
Copy discharge instructions
Copy
Discharge guidance
▶
Return to emergency care immediately for worsening abdominal pain
▶
New shoulder pain
Return to emergency care immediately for dizziness or fainting
▶
New weakness or confusion
Return to emergency care immediately for vomiting blood or black stools
▶
Any uncontrolled bleeding
Return to emergency care immediately for fever
▶
Special urgency if spleen removed or not functioning
Activity restriction
▶
No contact sports until cleared by trauma team
No heavy lifting until cleared
Follow up plan
▶
Trauma clinic appointment timing per local protocol
Repeat imaging only if directed
Postsplenectomy specific instructions when applicable
▶
Vaccination schedule follow up
Medical alert identification for asplenia
Early medical evaluation for any febrile illness
References
Clinical guidelines and consensus sources
Trauma and solid organ injury guidance
▶
ATLS principles for hemorrhagic shock and abdominal trauma management
▶
Hemodynamic status driven operative decision making
Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma guidelines on nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury
▶
Angioembolization considerations for vascular injury patterns
World Society of Emergency Surgery splenic trauma classification and management recommendations
▶
Integration of grade and physiology
Evidence based sources
Foundational evidence
▶
AAST organ injury scale for splenic trauma
▶
Standardized grading framework
Major observational studies on nonoperative management success and predictors of failure
▶
Higher risk with vascular blush and high grade injury
Postsplenectomy infection prevention recommendations
▶
Vaccination and fever response pathways
SymptomDx is an educational tool for medical professionals. It does not replace clinical judgment. Verify all clinical data and drug dosages with authoritative sources.
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Management Protocols
Splenic laceration